OBJECTIVES: Identifying children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and providing early therapeutic interventions for them are important to prevent secondary problems in academic achievement and emotional disturbances. The aims of the study is to examine the characteristics of K-ARS for parents and teachers, a screening questionnaire to identify children with ADHD, by age and sex of the children, to examine its clinical validity, and to provide norm data of K-ARS for school-aged children which will facilitate the use of K-ARS in clinical practice and research. METHODS: Randomly selected 1st to 6th graders of the two elementary schools (N=1044) in Anyang City participated in this study. Twenty three children diagnosed with ADHD at the child and adolescent clinic at the Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital were included in this study for the analysis of validity. Parents and teachers completed K-ARS. Descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance were performed. RESULTS: K-ARS scores showed significant difference according to the gender, with boys having higher scores than girls. There was no significant difference of the scores by ages. Validity analysis showed that K-ARS distinguishes children with ADHD from children without ADHD well. The normative data were presented by age and sex. CONCLUSION: K-ARS for parents and teachers has an excellent clinical validity to discriminate children with ADHD from children without ADHD. Different normative data of K-ARS need to be used due to the gender difference. K-ARS is a useful tool for screening and identifying children with ADHD. Future studies are required to include larger samples with adolescents in various geographic areas.
Adolescent ; Affective Symptoms ; Child ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Heart ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Parents* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Few recent reports have indicated that Mycobacterium massiliense causes various infections including respiratory infection. However, there is scarce information on the clinical significance, natural history of the infection, and therapeutic strategy. This report describes a case of an immunocompetent old man infected by M. massiliense that causes acute respiratory failure. In light of the general courses of non-tuberculous mycobacterium infections, rapid progression and fatality are very rare and odd. In addition, we discuss the biological and pathological properties of M. massiliense with the review of cases reported previously including our fatal one.
Light ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium Infections ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous ; Natural History ; Respiratory Insufficiency

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate microTBS (microtensile bond strength) of current dentin bonding adhesives which have different hydrophobicity with low-shrinkage silorane resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six human third molars were used. Middle dentin was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to nine experimental groups: Silorane self-etch adhesives (SS), SS + phosphoric acid etching (SS + pa), Adper easy bond (AE), AE + Silorane system bonding (AE + SSb), Clearfil SE bond (CSE), CSE + SSb, All-Bond 2 (AB2), AB2 + SSb, All-Bond 3 (AB3). After adhesive's were applied, the clinical crowns were restored with Filtek LS (3M ESPE). The 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm sticks were submitted to a tensile load using a Micro Tensile Tester (Bisco Inc.). Water sorption was measured to estimate hydrophobicity adhesives. RESULTS: microTBS of silorane resin to 5 adhesives: SS, 23.2 MPa; CSE, 19.4 MPa; AB3, 30.3 MPa; AB2 and AE, no bond. Additional layering of SSb: CSE + SSb, 26.2 MPa; AB2 + SSb, 33.9 MPa; AE + SSb, no bond. High value of microTBS was related to cohesive failure. SS showed the lowest water sorption. AE showed the highest solubility. CONCLUSIONS: The hydrophobicity of adhesive increased, and silorane resin bond-strength was also increased. Additional hydrophobic adhesive layer did not increase the bond-strength to silorane resin except AB2 + SSb. All-Bond 3 showed similar microTBS & water sorption with SS. By these facts, we could reach a conclusion that All-Bond 3 is a competitive adhesive which can replace the Silorane adhesive system.
Adhesives ; Crowns ; Dentin ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Methacrylates ; Molar, Third ; Phosphoric Acids ; Resin Cements ; Silorane Resins ; Tooth ; Water

OBJECTIVE: It is important to identify and treat ADHD children early to prevent secondary academial and emotional problem. The Purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability and validity of Korean parent and teacher ADHD Rating Scale. METHOD: First to sixth graders in two elementary schools in Anyang City participated in this study. Teachers and parents completed ADHD Rating Scale. Additionally parents completed K-CBCL and Conners scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation, t-test and analysis of variance were performed. RESULT: A total of 1044 students participated in this study. Correlation of rater reliabilities between parent and teacher was significantly close. And Internal consistency by age was high. As correlations among ARS, K-CBCL, Conners scale were high, the ARS scores can be validated. CONCLUSION: Korean parent and teacher ADHD Rating Scale has high reliability and validity. This scale will be a useful tool for ADHD evaluations and diagnosis. A study of comparing clinical groups is suggested.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Parents* ; Reproducibility of Results*

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most-common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, and it is characterized by abnormal amyloid and tau accumulation, which indicates neurodegeneration. AD has mostly been diagnosed clinically. However, ligand-specific positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, such as amyloid PET, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are needed to accurately diagnose AD, since they supplement the shortcomings of clinical diagnoses. Using biomarkers that represent the pathology of AD is essential (particularly when disease-modifying treatment is available) to identify the corresponding pathology of targeted therapy and for monitoring the treatment response. Although imaging and CSF biomarkers are useful, their widespread use is restricted by their high cost and the discomfort during the lumbar puncture, respectively. Recent advances in AD blood biomarkers shed light on their future use for clinical purposes. The amyloid β (Aβ)42/Aβ40 ratio and the concentrations of phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 and at threonine 217, and of neurofilament light in the blood were found to represent the pathology of Aβ, tau, and neurodegeneration in the brain when using automatic electrochemiluminescence technologies, single-molecule arrays, immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, etc. These blood biomarkers are imminently expected to be incorporated into clinical practice to predict, diagnose, and determine the stage of AD. In this review we focus on advancements in the measurement technologies for blood biomarkers and the promising biomarkers that are approaching clinical application.We also discuss the current limitations, the needed further investigations, and the perspectives on their use.

BACKGROUND: Shift work is associated with health problems, including metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the association between shift work and metabolic syndrome in young workers. METHODS: A total of 3,317 subjects aged 20–40 years enrolled in the 2011–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were divided into shift and day workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study and calculated odds ratios using multivariate logistic regression analysis in order to examine the association between shift work and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 14.3% and 7.1% among male and female shift workers, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, shift work was associated with metabolic syndrome in female workers (odds ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 5.70). CONCLUSION: Shift work was associated with metabolic syndrome in young women. Timely efforts are necessary to manage metabolic syndrome in the workplace.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND: Despite growing awareness of health behavior, making actual behavioral change seems to be more complex. This study assessed factors influencing discrepancy between the awareness and health behavior in Korean middle-aged people. METHODS: A random-digit-dial telephone survey of 1,047 middle-aged Koreans was carried out in 2004. Through the survey, the agreement between the level of awareness and health behavior was analyzed. And factors related to health-risk behaviors in the group of appropriate awareness were analyzed. RESULTS: In the group of appropriate awareness, males tended to be smokers, problem-drinkers and were not maintaining normal weight. In men, younger age, longer work-hours and more frequent stress were significantly related to both smoking and problem-drinking despite appropriate awareness. Higher income and blue-color working class were also predictors for the problem- drinking. In women, older age, lower education, lower income and comorbid disease were significantly related to abnormal weight. Physical inactivity was significantly related to lower education, longer working hours and lower income. CONCLUSION: This study showed that sociodemographic factors and stress were related with health-risk behavior with appropriate awareness in middle-aged people. These findings are expected to have implications for development of health promotion program focusing on stress management, improvement of sociocultural perception and simultaneous intervention for both smoking and alcohol. For middle-aged Korean women, more efforts must be made to remove economical and sociocultural barriers.
Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Health Behavior* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in adiponectin gene has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was performed to investigate the association of SNP 276G-->T at adiponectin gene with CVD risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The subjects were 351 type 2 DM patients visited a DM clinic in Seoul, and the patients with known CVD were excluded. The adiponectin SNP 276G-->T was analyzed and dietary intakes were assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. The prevalence of G/G, G/T, and T/T genotype was 47.6%, 43.3%, and 9.1%, respectively. Male subjects with T/T genotype showed significantly lower level of adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol and significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to G/G and G/T genotypes. In G/G genotype, protein intake was negatively correlated to body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and there were positive correlation between carbohydrate intake and BMI, waist-hip ratio, and ApoB/apoA-1 ratio in G/T genotype. However, in T/T genotype, there was no significant association between macronutrient intakes and anthropometric and hematological values. In conclusion, CVD risk would be high in type 2 DM patients with T/T genotype, and the association of macronutrient intakes with anthropometric and hematologic factors was different among the three adiponectin genotypes. These results may imply the need for different dietary management regime according to adiponectin genotype to lower CVD complications in Korean type 2 DM patients.
Adiponectin* ; Body Weight ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Genotype ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) in Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4 lesions on mammography and/or ultrasound. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 162 patients who underwent BSGI in BI-RADS 4 lesions on mammography and/or ultrasound. RESULTS: Of the 162 breast lesions, 66 were malignant tumors and 96 were benign tumors. Sensitivity and specificity of BSGI were 90.9% and 78.1%, and positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 74.1% and 92.6%. The sensitivity or specificity of mammography and ultrasound were 74.2% and 56.3% and 87.9% and 19.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of BSGI for breast lesions ≤1 cm were 88.0% and 86.8%, while the values of beast lesions >1 cm were 92.7% and 61.5%. The sensitivity or specificity of BSGI and mammography for patients with dense breasts were 92.0% and 81.3% and 72.0% and 50.0%, respectively. 26 patients showed neither a nodule nor microcalcification on ultrasound, but showed suspicious calcification on mammography. The sensitivity and specificity of BSGI with microcalcification only lesion were 75.0% and 94.4%. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that BSGI had shown high sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values in BI-RADS 4 lesions on ultrasound and/or mammography. BSGI showed excellent results in dense breasts, in lesions that are less than 1 cm in size and lesions with suspicious microcalcification only.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Humans ; Information Systems* ; Mammography* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*

Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection, which is more common in immunocompromised patients. However, pulmonary cryptococcosis can occur in immunocompetent patients and should be considered on a differential diagnosis for nodular or mass-like lesions in chest radiograph. Recently, we experienced a patient with pulmonary cryptococcosis, successfully treated with oral fluconazole therapy. A 74-year-old female patient was referred for an evaluation of abnormal images, a large consolidative mass with multiple nodular consolidations and small nodules that mimics primary lung cancer with multiple lung to lung metastases. Computed tomography-guided lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. The follow-up image taken after 4 months with oral fluconazole treatment showed marked improvement.
Aged ; Biopsy ; Cryptococcosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fluconazole ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Thorax