No abstract available.
Trigger Points*

No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Intestinal Mucosa*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Inflammation plays a key role in ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). The present study investigated the infiltration of macrophages in the early phase of ischemic ARF in mice. METHODS: Ischemic ARF was induced by renal clamping for 22 min, while the control mice underwent sham surgery (no clamping). The serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured in the control and post-ischemia mice. Immunofluorescence staining was used to measure the number of CD 11b-positive cells in the kidney tissue sections to determine the amount of post-ischemic macrophage infiltration. Lipo-Cl2MBP (clodronate) for macrophages depletion was injected via a tail vein 5 d before ischemia induction and again 2 d before ischemia induction. RESULTS: The study found that the post-ischemia mice had higher levels of serum creatinine and BUN at 16 and 24 h compared to the controls. Immunofluorescence staining showed there were more macrophages in the post-ischemic tissue at 2, 8, 16 and 24 h compared to the control tissue, and that most of these macrophages were located in the outer medulla. The mice treated with clodronate prior to ischemia induction were found to have lower levels of serum creatinine compared to those mice that weren't treated with clodronate. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant infiltration of macrophages from the early phase of ischemic ARF, and this peaked at 16-24 h. Macrophage depletion using clodronate was protective against ischemic ARF.
Animals ; Antigens, CD11b ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Clodronic Acid ; Creatinine/blood ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Ischemia/*complications/pathology/physiopathology ; Kidney Failure, Acute/blood/etiology/*pathology/physiopathology ; Kidney Medulla/*pathology ; *Macrophages ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Perfusion ; Time Factors

The purpose of this study was to design an interactive multimedia nutrition education program for preschoolers. Computer technology provides the opportunity to explore new and creative methods of delivering nutrition education to preschoolers. If this method is effective, more preschoolers can be reached with accurate and consistent nutrition education with less time and teaching staff. This program is a computer-based multimedia nutrition education program for preschoolers based on the Dick and Carey (Dick and Carey 2001) model of instructional design which includes analysis, design, development, and evaluation. The overall instructional goal was based on the needs of the target population. The needs assessment was a self-administered survey distributed to 1,426 parents of preschoolers, focusing on the need for preschoolers' nutrition education. The results of the survey indicated that parents wanted their children to learn reasons for eating nutritious food. Therefore, a program titled "Nutrition Exploration" was developed with the instructional goal of teaching preschoolers the 5 Food Groups. To achieve this goal, the preschoolers were engaged in a game. They could earn colored jewels by completing the game in five sessions. The story line was that people living in a peaceful kingdom become sick after they lose the jewels. The learner takes an adventurous journey through five different countries to retrieve the jewels. These countries are "Giwoon nahrah" (foods containing carbohydrates, such as rice and potatoes), "Sangsang nahrah" (foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals, such as vegetables and fruits), "Sooksook nahrah" (calciumcontaining products such as milk), "Teunteun nahrah" (protein-containing foods such as meat and fish), and "Gakeum nahrah" (products with high sugar and fat content, such as instant foods and soda). The learner who obtains five jewels in five different countries can save the kingdom. For the program to be effective and efficient, the multimedia had to be easy for the preschooler to enter, use, and exit. The verbal instructions enhanced child autonomy, and the program was developmentally appropriate so that the young child could easily manipulate the software. This research provides the basis for the continued development of computer-based nutrition education materials.
Carbohydrates ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Education* ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Meat ; Minerals ; Multimedia* ; Needs Assessment ; Parents ; Vegetables ; Vitamins

The major purpose of this study was to develop the nutrition education contents and material through the basic data from the service provider and the consumer. And also, to find out the differences of attitude and needs between the service provider (SP, breastfeeding specialist), present consumer (PC, pregnant or lactating women) and future consumer (FC, college women). There were types of questionnaires, which consisted of needs and attitudes toward child and maternal nutrition, as well as the personal characteristics of the study subjects. The subjects consisted of 113 breastfeeding specialists who served at medical related institutions, 197 pregnant or lactating women and 309 college women. The self-administered questionnaires from subjects were collected from October to November 2005 in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. The data was analysed by SPSS Win 12.0, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of this study were as following: 1) The most important determining factors on breastfeeding was 'medical specialist's support' (3.51) and the next one was 'knowledge of maternity care practice' (3.39). And the importance score of determinating factors on breastfeeding was significantly different between each group (p<0.001). The groups of consumer (3.50 at PC and 3.59 at FC) considered the service provider (3.32) more important. The service providers considered a more effective determining factor to be "husband and family support" and "peer support" than the others (p<0.001). 2) To compare the effective factors of breastfeeding practices between the three groups, the service providers were more significantly considered than the others such as "attendance of intervention program" (p<0.001). But the PC group considered the most effective factors was "mother's job after delivery". 3) The self-evaluated score of the breastfeeding knowledge was the most high in SP; the score was significantly different between groups. The knowledge score of nutritional aspects in human milk was most highly evaluated. But maternity care practice and public acceptance marked the lower evaluation score than other issues. 4) The desirable types of educational material was mass media, and the next was printed matter such as booklets. Two kinds of consumers preferred DVD or VCR tapes than and the service provider group (p<0.001). 5) The priority contents of nutrition service PC group wanted the information about infant care more than maternal care (p<0.05), but FC group's priority was significantly different compared with PC group (p<0.001). The priority of SP group pointed out the information of practical child care methods. The results showed the needs of nutrition service, education channels, and perception toward effective factors on consumer behavior changes were significantly different between each group. Thus the result of this study may suggest that consumer oriented nutrition service programs must be developed.
Breast Feeding ; Child ; Child Care ; Education* ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Care ; Mass Media ; Milk, Human ; Pamphlets ; Seoul ; Specialization*

No abstract available.
Cyclosporine* ; Scleroderma, Localized*

No abstract available.
Cyclosporine* ; Scleroderma, Localized*

This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To compared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, 79.1% subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and 63.8% of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP. Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation' (65.1%) and 'nutrition' (50.0%) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'improvement taste and quality of meal' (62.6%). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP was not to prefer, but 10.4% of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'(40.7%) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'(32.4%) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'(53.9%) and 'sanitation problem'(51.9%).
Bread ; Breakfast ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Humans ; Meals* ; Milk ; Parents ; Steam

PURPOSE: To evaluate the findings and the role of CT in plexiform neuro-fibromatosis of the mediastinum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retropectively reviewed the CT scans of five patients with plexiform neurofibromatosis of the mediastinum. The CT scans were reviewed with attention to the distribution of the lesions, appearance and attenuation of mediastinal lesions, enhancement pattern after intravenous contrast infusion and associated findingssuch as intercostal neurofibroma. RESULTS: In all five patients CT scans demonstrated fusiform low attenuated masses which were oriented longitudinally and extended over multiple contiguous scans along the distribution of major mediastinal nerves. In four patients, mediastinal lesions appeared infiltrative, obliterating adjacent mediastinal fat plane. One patient had well defined fusiform masses along the major mediastinal nerves. Postcontrast enhanced CT scans revealed slight central enhancement in two patient and no contrast enhancement in three patients. Associated findings such as neurofibromas of intercostal nerves and sympathetic trunk, or subcutaneous neurofibromas were detected on CTscans in all five patients. CONCLUSION: Characteristic CT findings of low attenuation masses along the major mediastinal nerves are helpful to differentiate plexiform neurofibromatosis from mediastinal lymphadenopathy and to prevent from misreading as a malignant disease.
Humans ; Intercostal Nerves ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mediastinum* ; Neurofibroma ; Neurofibromatoses* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Dietary therapy is a basic and emphasized treatment for diabetes. Several clinical studies have shown that diet can play a major role in preventing and managing diabetes. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the dietary behavior and to find solutions to barriers of diabetes mellitus patients. From February to July in 2007, questionnaires were distributed to one hundred and ten patients who were diagnosed DM by physicians and excluded first coming out-patients. One hundred and three data were used for statistical analysis using SPSS/Win 12.0. The main results of this study included the following: To measure dietary behaviors and barriers, a five point scale was used with the following labels: 'strongly yes', 'yes', 'fair', 'no', 'strongly no'. Thirteen dietary behaviors related to diabetes were grouped into the following 4 factors using factor analysis; 'taste control factor', 'blood glucose influence factor', 'practice volition factor', and 'exercise factor'. The mean scores of 4 factors were 3.88, 3.48, 3.55, 3.21, respectively. The 'taste control behaviors' score of subjects who had practiced diet therapy (4.00) was higher than those who had not practiced diet therapy (P < 0.05). The 'blood glucose influence behaviors' score of subjects who had nutrition education (3.59) was higher than those who had no nutrition education (P < 0.05) and subjects who had practiced diet therapy showed higher score (3.59) than those who had not practiced diet therapy (P < 0.05). 'Exercise behaviors score' of subjects who were over 60 (3.59) was the lowest (P < 0.05). Subjects who had nutrition education showed higher 'exercise behaviors' scores (3.38) than those who had no nutrition education (P < 0.05). Subjects who had practiced diet therapy showed higher 'practice volition behaviors' scores (3.72) than those who had not practiced diet therapy (P < 0.001). Subjects who were over weight showed the highest 'practice volition behaviors' scores (3.78) concerning BMI (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study expected that Nutrition educators (Dietitian) applied to patient effective nutrition education and counseling through evaluation of Dietary behaviors and barriers considered management types and ecological factors of diabetes patients. Also diabetic patients were easy to change dietary habits because they formed behaviors through education and counsel and there were positive effects in their blood glucose control through removing barriers related to dietary therapy.
Blood Glucose ; Counseling ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Food Habits ; Glucose ; Humans ; Life Style ; Outpatients ; Volition