The Human Milk Banking Association of North America(HMBANA) is a professional association for supporters of non-profit donor human milk banking.HMBANA develops guidelines for donor human milk banking practices.The construction of China's human milk bank has just begun in few areas in 2013.To further promote the development and implementation of donor human milk banking in our country,this review introduce the guideline for establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank which drafted by HMBANA in 2013.The guideline can provide the basis for the development of human milk bank in our country.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effects of feeding very low birth weight infants and extremely low birth weight infants with human donors' milk in China.Methods One hundred and ninety-nine very low birth weight infants and extremely low birth weight infants (VLBWI/ELBWI) admitted to NICU in Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital were analyzed retrospectively (from August 1,2013 to July 31,2014) one year before and one year after the establishment of human donors' milk bank.Only 1 infant's parents(1/199 cases) refused to use donor milk,and 198 infants were fed with donors' milk since their own mothers' milk was unavailable.One hundred and forty-eight infants admitted to NICU from August 1,2012 to July 31,2013 were chosen as the control group,who were fed with formula milk since their own mothers' milk was unavailable.The mortality,incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis,time to full enteral feeding and hospital stay between 2 groups were analyzed.Results One year before the establishment of breast milk bank,there were 148 cases of very low or extremely low birth weight infants receiving mixed feeding,and 16 cases of them had neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,the incidence rate was 10.81％.Since the establishment of human milk bank,187 women donated breast milk in the first year and 260 555 mL of human milk were collected and delivered.Only 1 infant (1/199 cases) refused to use donor milk,and 198 infants were fed with donors' milk since their own mothers' milk was unavailable.Nine babies with VLBWI/ELBWI were diagnosed as NEC in donor milk feeding group,and 16 cases were diagnosed as NEC in formula-feeding group.The incidence rate of NEC was lower in the donor-milk-feeding group (4.52％ vs 10.81％,x2 =5.02,P ＜ 0.05).Donor-milk-feeding group reached full enteral feeding[(16.4 ± 5.3) d vs (18.2 ± 6.2) d,t =2.84,P ＜ 0.05] and had shorter period of hospital stay[(35.1 ± 9.5) d vs (37.3 ± 10.4) d,t =2.05,P ＜ 0.05] compared with formula feeding group.The mortality and incidence of sepsis had no difference between 2 groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Donors' breast milk is associated with a lower risk of NEC,sooner full enteral feeding and shorter hospital stay.Further research is needed to confirm these findings and measure the growth and long term neurodevelopment effects of donors' breast milk.

Objective To study the relationship between the T helper cells (Th22)/interleukin (IL)-22 and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with interstitial lung disease (ILD), and to define the clinical significance of Th22 cells for RA. Methods The quantity of Th22 cells in the peripheral blood from 40 patients with RA (20 RA with ILD, 20 RA without ILD) were examined by flow cytometry, the level of IL-22 in the sera was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by t-test, rank sum test, and the correlation of parameters were tested by linear correlation analysis. Results The quantities of CD4+IL-22+ cells (Th22) in RA patients [(0.15 ±0.07)%] were significantly higher than normal controls [(0.09 ±0.05)%] (t=4.097, P<0.01), and IL-22 levels in RA patients [(83 ±7) ng/L] were significantly higher than normal controls [(61±5) ng/L] (t=13.057, P<0.01). The quantities of Th22 cells in RA-ILD patients [(0.18±0.07)%] were significantly higher than RA-NILD patients [(0.13±0.05)%] (t=2.919, P=0.008), and IL-22 levels in RA-ILD patients [(87±6) ng/L] were significantly higher than RA-NILD patients [(80±6)ng/L] (t=3.624, P=0.001). The quantities of Th22 cells were positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor(RF) and 1.4 disease activity score (DAS)28 (r=0.336, 0.377, 0.577, P<0.05),and the level of IL-22 were also positively correlated with ESR and DAS28 (r=0.406, 0.576, P<0.05). Conclusion The quantities of Th22 cells and IL-22 level are increased in RA patients, especially in RA-ILD patients. The quantities of Th22 cells and IL-22 level are positively correlated with ESR and DAS28. It may play a certain role in RA especially in RA with ILD.

Objective To knock out the entire LuxS gene of Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain via homologous recombination and construct a LuxS-deleted mutant strain of S.mutans.Methods The erythromycin resistance gene(Eymr)was inserted between the two DNA fragments located in the upper and downstream of LuxS gene that had been amplified by PCR.Then the two DNA fragments along with the inserted Eymr were engineered into pUCl9 plasmid to construct the recombination plasmid pUCluxKO.Electrotransformation of S. mutans cells with pUCluxKO-mutant resulted in the isolation of erythromycin resistant S.mutans,transformants,which was then subjected to polymerase chain reaction,Vibrio harveyi BBl70 luminescence bioassay and sequencing analysis.Results Restriction endonuclease analysis showed that pUCluxKOmutant vector had been successfully recombined.The deletion of LuxS of S. mutans mutants was confirmed bv PCR with primers specific for the genes of LuxS and the erythromycin resistance.S.mutans mutant could not induce bioluminescence.indicating the mutant had been successfully recombined.The constructed Chinese S.mutans showed good stability after 20 generations of cultivation.Conclusion The S.mutans gene allelic exchange plasmid is constructed correctively and a LuxS-negative mutant of S.mutans has been constructed.which can be helpful for further study of the role of LuxS in the pathogenesis of S.mutans.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of synthetic medical calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate as the bone replacements for bone defects.MethodsA total of 85 bone trauma patients combined with bone defects treated between February 2000 and October 2011 were randomized to calcium phosphate group ( n =43 ) and calcium sulfate group ( n =42 ) according to bone substitutes.The patients had orthopedic conventional treatment and then received external fixation ( external fixators,plasters) or internal fixation (plates,needles).Forty-three patients in the calcium phosphate group were all treated with medical calcium phosphate and 42 patients in the calcium sulfate group were all treated with medical calcium sulfate.Postoperative complications,fracture healing time and bone substitute absorption time of the two groups were observed and compared.ResultsAfter artificial bone filling for bone defects,all fractures were healed,with average healing time of 12.5 weeks ( range,9-17 weeks) in the calcium phosphate group and 11.3 weeks (range,7-15 weeks) in the calcium sulfate group.No complications or abnormal reactions occurred in the calcium sulfate group,whereas four patients with incision exudation was founded in the calcium phosphate group,and was cured after dressing change.The average follow-up period was 54.5 weeks (range,14-70 weeks).Average absorption time of bone substitute for the calcium phosphate group was 7.3 weeks,longer than that for the calcium sulfate group (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Medical calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate artificial bones can both be used as bone substitutes and are characterized by convenience,safety and good healing under the auxiliary of internal and external fixators.The calcium sulfate is sturdier and has relatively stronger supporting ability than the calcium phosphate.As the bone substitute,the calcium sulfate has more precise clinical effects,fewer complications and shorter healing time than the calcium phosphate.

Objective:To evaluate the efficiency of using artificial intelligence reading label system in diabetic retinopathy (DR) grading training among junior ophthalmologists and medical students.Methods:520 diabetic fundus images were randomly divided into 8 groups with 65 images in each group. 13 junior ophthalmologists and medical students were selected as the research objects. Each of them read 8 groups of pictures and evaluated the DR grading of each fundus image. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic test consistency (Q-kappa value) of grading results were analyzed with the DR grading given by 3 senior ophthalmologists as the gold standard. The average Q-kappa values of 13 subjects were compared between the first four times and the last four times.Results:Through 8 round reading, the average Q-kappa was elevated from 0.67 to 0.81. Average Q-kappa of round 1 to 4 was 0.77, and average Q-kappa of round 5 to 8 was 0.81. The participants were divided into two groups. Participants in group 1 were junior ophthalmologists and participants in group 2 were medical students. Average Q-kappa of group 1 was elevated from 0.71 to 0.76. Average Q-kappa of group 2 was elevated from 0.63 to 0.84.Conclusions:The artificial intelligence reading label system was a useful tool in training junior ophthalmologists and medical students in doing diabetic retinopathy grading.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Adolescent ; Branchial Region ; Fistula ; congenital ; Humans ; Male ; Neck

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of furanodiene(FDE),a diterpene derived from the medicinal plant Zedoary,on apoptosis of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells induced in vitro. METHODS MGC-803 cells were treated with FDE 46.29~740.74μmol·L-1 for 24,48 and 72 h,and the cell viability was detected with MTT assay. Cell morphology was observed by light microscopy and Hoechst33342 staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle. Rh123 staining and fluorescence probe DCFH-DA were employed to detect the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species(ROS). RESULTS MTT Results showed that FDE 46.29-740.74μmol · L-1 exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity to gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. IC50 for MGC-803 of 24,48 and 72 h treatment was 347.91,257.41 and 101.01μmol·L-1,respectively. Treatment with FDE 92.58-370.32μmol·L-1 for 24 h also caused significant morphological changes in MGC-803 cells. AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI double staining showed that the apoptotic rate increased after FDE 92.58-370.32μmol·L-1 treatment for 24 h(P<0.05). FDE enabled MGC-803 cell cycle arrest in S phase. DCFH-DA staining showed that FDE resulted in an increase in intracellular ROS levels(P<0.05) when PDE concentration was 370.37μmol·L-1(P<0.05). MMP decreased after FDE treatment when PDE concen?tration was 370.37μmol·L-1(P<0.05). CONCLUSION FDE Possesses potent tumor selected toxicity and can induce apoptosis of MGC-803 cells through cell cycle arresting,which is related to inhibition of DNA biosynthesis.

To evaluate multi-slice computer tomography (MSCT) in mediastinal lymph node metastasis of T1 and T2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods:A total of 32 patients with T1 and T2 NSCLC from February 2004 to October 2012 were selected. Preoperative MSCT assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes was performed on basis of the pathological results. Results:Lymph nodes with diameters of≥10 mm were evaluated, and the sensitivity and specificity of the MSCT mediastinal lymph node me-tastases were 82.4%and 92.4%, respectively. Lymph node size, primary tumor location, and visceral pleural invasion showed statistical significance in forecasting mediastinal lymph node metastases (P<0.05). Conclusion:MSCT can be used for the effective evaluation of mediastinal lymph node metastasis, lymph node size, and position of primary tumor. and visceral pleural invasion of the tumor had a higher risk of mediastinal lymph node metastasis.