Objective To investigate the changes of urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) , retinol conjugated protein (RBP), N-acetyl-beta-D nucleosidase amino acids (NAG) and serum cystatin C (Cys C) in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and explore the application value of those indexes in PNS diagnosis. Methods Fifty-three patients with PNS from Sep. 2009 to Sep. 2015 were enrolled in this study, and 40 healthy people were selected as the control group. The levels ofβ2-MG, RBP, NAG in urinary and Cys C in serum were measured in two groups, and the receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) were drawn out for investigating the diagnostic value of four indexes to PNS. Results The levels ofβ2-MG, RBP, NAG in urinary and Cys C in serum of patients with PNS were significantly higher than control group (P<0.01) . The RBP, NAG and Cys C had the higher efficiency in diagnosis PNS than β2-MG, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . There were no significant differences in diagnosis PNS between RBP, NAG and Cys C (P>0.05) . The area of RBP under the ROC curve was 0.897 (95%CI was 0.807-0.987) bigger than NAG, Cys C andβ2-MG. Conclusionβ2-MG, RBP, NAG in urinary and Cys C in serum have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis PNS, monitoring the levels ofβ2-MG, RBP, NAG in urinary and Cys C in serum may be helpful for diagnosis and clinical therapy of PNS.

Aim To investigate the effects of progesterone on morphine rewarding effect and levels of ?-receptor in hippocampus and striatum.Methods 32 male SD rats were designated to 4 groups randomly with 8 in each,including blank control group,morphine group,progesterone group and progesterone plus morphine group.Conditioned place preference(CPP) test was used to investigate the morphine rewarding effect,and immunohistochemistry was established to determine the levels of ?-receptor in hippocampus and striatum.Results Compared with those of blank control group,5 mg?kg-1 morphine successfully induced the formation of CPP(P

The biological effects of Songzike acidic polysaccharide (ST90) were studied in vivo and vitro. It was found that ST90 had distinct antineoplastic, antibacterial and antiviral effects.I markedly inhibits proliferation of S180 solid tumor in mice and reduces the mortality of mice infected by Salmonella typhimurium, and shows a protective effect on FL cells infected with adva、adv7, vsv and CB4.

AIM: To evaluate colon-oriented delivery characteristics of berberine hydrochloricde(BH) containing carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM) pellets. METHODS: BH-containing CMKGM pellets(pellets group) and BH-containing carboxymethyl cellulose suspension(control group) were intragastric administrated to rats at the dose of 50 mg/kg,respectively.Blood samples were obtained from the rat femoral artery,the gastric、entric、cecal、colonic tissues and their contents sampled at a given interval to measure the concentration of BH by HPLC.The bar charts of relative content of BH in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and theirs contents were drawn.Drug delivery index(DDI) was calculated. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,the concentration and distribution of BH in gastric、enteric tissue and their contents decreased significantly,but in cecal、colonic tissue and their contents less at first,and more than the control group after 2～6 h.The DDI values of the pellets to gastric,enteric,cecal,colonic tissue and their contents were 0.392 4,0.478 6,3.916,4.193,(0.162 8,)0.619 4,3.843,4.087 against the control group,respectively. CONCLUSION: CMKGM pellets may be a useful colon-specific drug delivery system for BH.

AIM:To study the effects of pH and ionic strength of release media on in vitro berberine hydrochloride(BH)released from carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM)pellets and to evaluate its characteristics.METHODS:The CMKGM pellets were prepared by ionotropic gelation with BH as the model drug.In vitro drug release,dynamic swelling and erosion percent of the pellets were studied respectively in release media with different pH(pH 1.0、pH 5.0、pH 6.8、 pH 7.4)or different ionic strength(pH 6.8 PBS with 2、4、6、8 g/L NaCl).The amount of BH released were confirmed in different equation to evaluate BH release mechanism of the pellets.RESULTS:With the increased of pH value or the decreased of ionic strength of the release media,the swelling ratio and erosion percent of the pellets increased,the BH release rate increased.The release of BH in HCl solution was film-controlled and exhibited zero order kinetic equation;the release of BH in PBS was non-Fickian release that coupled diffusion and erosion of the pellets matrix,exhibited Peppas equation.CONCLUSION:The swelling ratio and erosion percent of CMKGM pellets is related to pH and ionic strength of the release media,which influence BH released and release mechanism of the pellets.

The fracture dislocation of axis is a common kind of severe trauma.Because of particular anatomic characteristics of axis, the operation is difficult and highly risky. However, with introduction of new instrumentation and improvement of surgical techniques, innovative methods have been developed in recent years, including posterior C1-2 fusion and internal fixation, decompression by the dissection of C1 posterior arch, occipitocervical fusion and internal fixation, anterior internal fixation for dens fracture dislocation, anterior decompression and internal fixation for vertebral arch fracture dislocation. The available instruments include interlaminar clamp, rod or plate, screw, etc. All these methods and instruments have their respective advantages and disadvantages and indications. In this paper, The indications, effects, and potential complications of them are discussed.

Hepatitis B ; pathology ; therapy ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans

Objective To explore the effect of BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid(BCG-PSN) on the numbers of Th3,Th2 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC) and airway inflammation status in patients with asthma.Methods Twenty-six patients with moderate persistent asthma were enrolled into the study and randomly divided into simple medication group(n=13,accepted Fluticasone/salmeterol alone) and combined medication group(n=13,accepted Fluticasone/salmeterol+BCG-PSN together).The numbers of Th3,Th1 and Th2 cells in PBMC, the serum levels of TGF-β,IFN-γ,IL-4 and IgE and the clinical effect and airway inflammation status were observed at three time points: before,1.5 months after and 3 months after treatment. Results (1)At 1.5 months after treatment,the Th1/Th2 number was significantly higher in the combined medication group than the simple medication group(1.20±0.57 vs 0.79±0.39,t= 2.129,P＜0.05),and the asthma control test scale(ACT) showed similar difference(18.31±1.75 vs.15.54±2.40,t=3.359,P＜0.01) between the two groups.(2)At 3 months after treatment,the Th1/Th2 number was significantly higher in the combined medication group than the simple medication group(1.73±0.74 vs1.16±0.48,t=2.327,P＜0.05),and the ACT also showed the same kind of difference(22.46±1.13 vs.20.23±2.59,t=2.851,P＜0.01) between the two groups.In addition,at this time point the PEF variability was significant lower in the combined medication group than the simple medication group([9.88±2.18]% vs.[12.05±2.74]%,t=2.235,P＜0.05).(3)We found no significant differences in the comparisons of the numbers of T helper cell subsets in PBMC ,the serum levels of cytokines and IgE,the numbers of inflammatory cells in induced sputum between the two groups(Ps＞0.05).(4)No correlation were found between Th3 cell numbers in PBMC and the serum levels of IgE in the two groups.Conclusion The combined use of Fluticasone/salmeterol and BCG-PSN can further correct the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells,alleviate clinical symptom of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness.The therapeutic efficacy improves along with the therapy period,better in the combined medication group than the simple medication group.BCG-PSN has no significant effects on the numbers of Th3 in PBMC in patients with asthma.

Objective To study the correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 and NMDA NR_(2A),and to share the understanding of the mechanism of dopamine in the synaptic complex of inner hair cells.Methods Forty guinea pigs were divided randomly into four groups and the whole intacochlear perfusions were performed.The perfused cochleas were taken out as preparations 2 hours after perfusing,the contralateral cochleas were also taken out as the normal control group in the group perfused with artifical perilymph solutions.All the preparations were divided into 5 groups:①normal control cochleas;②perfused with artificial perilymph solutions;③perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 10 mmol/L dopamine；④perfused with artificial perilymph so lutions containing 30 mmol/L dopamine；⑤perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 50 mmol/L dopa mine.The semi-quantitive RT-PCR was used to observe the difference in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1、NMDA NR_(2A).Results Dopamine inhibited the compound action potential(CAP),the increase of CAP threshold was observed and correlated with the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.Regarding the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 mRNA,there was no significant difference between group ① and group ② (P＞0.05).But a significant difference was observed the other 3 groups when compared to group ①(P＜0.05).No significant difference was detected among the 5 groups in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A) (P＞0.05).Conclusion Dopamine may inhibit the cochlear auditory afferent nerve.The significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 was observed,the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 decreased along with the increasing of the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.And there was no significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A).

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of modifiedYin-Chen-Hao (YCH) decoction on the expression of aquaporin-8 (AQP8) mRNA and protein in rats with estrogen-induced cholestasis, in order to explore the potential mechanism of YCH decoction in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy. A total of 50 SD female rats, which were weighed between 180 g to 200 g, were randomly divided into the normal group (N,n = 10) and the model group (M’,n = 40). The animal model of intrahepatic cholestasis was induced by subcutaneous injection of 17-α-ethinylestradiol (5 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 5 days of rats in M’ group. The same volume of propylene glycol was subcutaneously injected to rats in N group. Five days later, rats in M’ group were divided into the model group (M,n = 10), high-dose (Zg,n = 10), middle-dose (Zz,n = 10) and low-dose (Zd,n = 10) modified YCH decoction group. The intragastric administration of normal saline, high-dose, middle-dose and low-dose modified YCH decoction were given to each group for 7 days, respectively. Then, rats were sacrificed and the liver tissues were removed and stored in liquid nitrogen. The expression of AQP8 mRNA and protein were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting analysis. The results showed that compared with the normal group (N), the expression of AQP8 mRNA and protein in liver tissues of rats in the model group (M) were decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group (M), the high-dose, middle-dose and low-dose modified YCH decoction can increase the expression of AQP8 mRNA and protein in liver tissues (P < 0.05). Moreover, along with the dose increasing of modified YCH decoction, the upregulation of AQP8 mRNA and protein was increased. It was concluded that the molecular mechanism of modified YCH decoction in treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy may be through the increasing of AQP8 mRNA and protein in liver tissues.