Depression is a serious mental disorder characterized by lasting anhedonia and anorexia .The pathophysiology of depression is complicated , which is related to many neuroendocrine disturbances .Increased levels of glucocorticoid hor-mones and hyperactivity of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal ( HPA) axis are the most consistent and typical pathophysio-logical alternations in patients with major depression , which are possibly caused by altered functions of the receptor of glu-cocorticoid hormones , the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) .Promoting the expression and function of GR and restoring the im-paired feedback inhibition of the HPA axis seem to be particularly important for the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants . In this review, the role of GR in the development and resolution of depression is discussed .

Objective To investigate the protective effects of astragaloside Ⅳ on blood-brain barrier(BBB) and influence on expression of ZO-1 protein after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats.Methods 72 SD rats were randomly divided into:sham operation group,model group and two astragaloside Ⅳ therapy groups [group A(10 mg/kg,group B(20 mg/kg)].Method of Evans blue leakage and water content in the brain tissue were used to investigate the permeability of the BBB,and method of immunohistochemistry combined with image analysis was used to measure the expression of ZO-1 protein in microvessels.Results Compared with those in the model group,Evans blue leakage and water content were less and the number of ZO-1 possitive vessels was increased in the two astragaloside Ⅳ therapy groups.There were statistical differences between therapy groups and model group(all P

Objective To evaluate the treatment of ureteral stones with pneumatic lithotripter under ureterscopy and the prevention of complications. Methords 43 cases of ureteral stones that had been treated with pneumatic lithotripter under ureteroscopy was reviewed. Results 93.0%(40/43)of the stones were fragmented on one session,93.0%(40/43)of the stones were expelled within 7 days afer the procedure.No complications occurred. Conclusions Treatment of ureteral stones with pneumatic lithotripter under ureterscopy is safe and effecive.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in anyone who has experienced a life-threatening or violent event.Research into the underlying neurobiology has implicated dysregulation in multiple neurotransmitter systems including norepinephrine,serotonin and glutamate as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.Although there was a tremendous growth in the understanding of PTSD in the past few years,the specific neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD wait for more explorations.

Objective:To explore the effects of class career psychological guidance(CCPG)on the career planning abilities of college students.Methods:By random sampling and control study methods,one class of college students were regarded as the experimental class of subjects,the other class was regarded as the control.The experimental class received 3 months of group training of CCPG,while the control class did not.They were assessed with the effect assessment scale of CCPG and the experimental class was retested 3.5 months later.Results:The overall level of career planning abilities had been improved in the experimental class after 3 months of CCPG,such as in the career planning confidence and the ability to solve problems relating to career,not in the control class. Most of the improved factors in the experimental class were still good after 3.5 months.Conclusion:The class career psychological guidance has a positive role in promoting the career planning abilities of college students.

AIM To explore possible action mechanism of antidepressants. METHODS Using flow cytometry, the cell proliferation was detected. The proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells and level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with N methyl D aspartate (NMDA) 600 ?mol?L -1 for 3 d significantly decreased the percentage of S phase in PC12 cells, while in the presence of classical antidepressants, desipramine (DIM) or fluoxetine (FLU) 1, 5 ?mol?L -1 , the percentage of S phase increased. Furthermore, the proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells, as well as the BDNF level in dentate gyrus (subgranular zone) significantly decreased in chronically stressed mice for 24 d, while chronic administration with DIM or FLU 10 mg?kg -1 (ip) normalized it. Meanwhile, the BDNF level in dentate gyrus also elevated after DIM or FLU treatments. CONCLUSION Up regulation of the hippocampal neurogenesis is the common action mechanism for antidepressants, which may be closely related to the elevation of BDNF level at the same time.

An ultrastructural analysis of distal nephron has been investigated using morphometric method for rats with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The cells analysed were distal convoluted tubule cells (DCT cells), distal straight tubule cells (DST cells), intercalated cells (I cells) and principal cells (P cells) of collecting duct. The cells were sampled from superficial cortex. The results revealed that in DCT, DST and P cells the profile area of cells, the surface density of plasma membrane (Sv), the boundary length of cell surface [B(A)], the volume density (Vv) of mitochondria, and the length of microvilli were significantly decreased in the rat with hypothyroidism. However, in the rat with hyperthyroidism there were an obvious increase of profile area of cell and Vv of mitochondria in I cells. The results suggest that thyroid hormone is an important factor for maintaining the normal cellular structure in the distal nephron. The morphometry shows that the changes of DCT, DST and P cells are distinct in the rat with hypothyroidism, and the ultrastructural changes of I cell are obvious in the rat with hyperthyroidism.

AIM Xiaobuxin-Tang (XBXT) is a traditional Chinese herbal decoction which is composed of Haematitum, Flos Inulae, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis and Semen Sojae Preparatum. The present study was to investigate if the total flavonoids extracted from XBXT (XBXT-2) had antidepressant effect. METHODS Forced swimming tests in mice and rats, and learned helplessness (LH) model of rats were adopted to affirm the antidepressant effect of XBXT-2 with the test on spontaneous motor activity. Plasma corticosterone level in the LH rats was measured with ELISA. RESULTS Single administraton of XBXT-2 at the doses of 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 (ig) significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in the forced swimming tests in mice and rats. Researches on LH model of rats indicated that XBXT-2 at doses of 50 and 25 mg·kg-1 markedly reduced the number of escape failure in shuttle box. Meanwhile, the plasma corticosterone level of the LH rats was significantly decreased. XBXT-2 50-200 mg·kg-1 had no effects on spontaneous motor activity in mice. CONCLUSION XBXT-2 possesses significant antidepressant-like effect. The mechanism may involve the inhibition of the hyperaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Objective To systematically evaluate the optimal indwelling time of double?J stent in the treatment of ureteral complicated calculi post?ureteroscopy. Methods A total of 161 patients with complicated ureteral calculi were enrolled in this study from August 2012 to August 2015. All patients received the treatment of ureteroscopic holmium YAG Laser lithotripsy and were randomly divided into 3 groups according to varied double?J stent indwelling time: group A < 2 weeks (n = 43),group B from 2 ~ 6 weeks(n = 67),and group C>6 weeks (n = 51). Complications of three groups were compared and the hydronephrosis after removing double?J stent was recorded. Results The rate of complications of group C was significantly higher than that in group A and group B (P<0.017). However,group A(10/43)has a higher rate of ureterostenosis after removing double?J stent compared with group B(4/67)and group C(3/51),while no statistical significance was observed between group B and group C. Conclusion The incidence of complications after lithotripsy increased with the indwelling time of double?J stent,but the short indwelling time would led to ureterostenosis. Therefore,the optimal indwelling time of double?J stent after flexible ureteroscopy was 2 to 6 weeks,and the indwelling time for patients with injury ureteral mucosa could be appropriately prolonged.

OBJECTIVE To study the antidepressant effects of ammoxetine(AMX)and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Two behavioral despair models,the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test(FST),were used to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of AMX 2.5-20 mg · kg-1 following oral administration. Monoamine neurotransmitter p-chloro-phenylalanine(p-CPA)andα-methyl-p-tyrosine(AMPT) depletion models in mice were used to investigate the effects of AMX on levels of 5-serotomin(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE)in the brain. RESULLTS The results of behavioral study showed that compared with normal control group,AMX(10 and 20 mg · kg-1)reduced the immobility time of mice by 51.4% and 80.7% in the TST(P<0.05,P<0.01) or by 48.0% and 66.2% in the FST (P<0.05),respectively. Locomotion activity test indicated that AMX did not increase or decrease the movement distance of mice,demonstrating that AMX had no excitatory or inhibitory actions on the central nervous system. Moreover,AMX(5,10 and 20 mg·kg-1)exerted antidepressant effects in the p-CPA induced 5-HT depletion model and AMPT induced NE depletion model,as evidenced by the significantly reduced immobility time,ie,63.9%,93.4%,90.5% and 61.9%,77.2%,100% reduction in the TST (P<0.01),respectively,and AMX at the dose of 20 mg·kg-1 significantly increased the concentrations of 5-HT and NE by 144.7% and 57.2% in the mouse brain(P<0.05) ,respectively. CONCLUSION AMX has strong antidepressant-like effects in behavioral despair models and monoamine neurotransmitter depletion models in mice,which is involved in the increased levels of 5-HT and NE in the brain.