Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of sorafenib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis.Methods A case of 65-year-old female patient on hemodialysis and receiving sorafenib treatment for mRCC was reported.Literatures were searched through PubMed for such mRCC with ESRD.Results The patient underwent a left radical nephrectomy because of clear cell RCC.Hemodialysis was introduced because of ESRD four months after the nephrectomy.Lung metastases were found one year after the operation.With the failure of immunotherapy,the patient received sorafenib 800 mg daily.Hemodialysis was carried out three times weekly.The initial sizes of right and left lung metastases were 2.7 cm × 2.4 cm and 2.6 cm× 2.0 cm respectively.The patient achieved stable disease six months later (to 2.4 cm × 1.4 cm and 2.0 cm × 1.8 cm respectively) and partial remission one year later (to 1.8 cm × 1.0 cm and fibrosis respectively).Currently the patient has been under sorafenib treatment for 52 months.The pulmonary lesions were nearly replaced by fibrosis and calcification.Totally six case reports were found through PubMed including nine patients with ESRD and mRCC.The best objective response was partial response in three cases,stable disease in four cases and unknown in the other two cases.Sorafenib was generally well tolerated.Conclusion Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma undergoing hemodialysis with sorafenib appears to be feasible.

Objective To improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment outcome of primary renal lymphoma.Methods The clinical data of one primary renal lymphoma case were reviewed with its clinical manifestation,imaging,pathological study results and treatment outcome in our institute.This was a 61 yrs female patient presented with progressive left flank pain.The abdominal CT scan revealed enlarged left kidney lost ocortico-medullary differentiation and with a lower kidney pole 9.8 cm × 8.9 cm × 8.8 cm hypodensity mass.Results The patient was diagnosed with B-cell non-Hodgkinˊs lymphoma after radical nephrectomy.Extrarenal origin was ruled out by bone marrow biopsy.The pathological results showed that the tumor was limited to the lower kidney pole.Microscopically,there were large sheets of lymphoma cell infiltration in kidney parenchyma.The lymphoma cells were oval or polygonal.The nuclei of the lymphoma cells were anachromasised and irregular in size.The final pathological diagnosis was diffused large B cell lymphoma.The patient was subsequently given six cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide,adriamycin,vincristine and prednisone) in conjunction with rituximab.Twenty months post chemotherapy the patient was diseas-free at follow-up.Conclusions Primary renal lymphoma is rare and the mechanism of its development is unclear.Most of the cases reported showed rapid systemic progression and poor prognosis.The clinical manifestation is similar to renal cell carcinoma.Ultrasound and CT have no distinct characteristic.Diagnosis is established on renal biopsy or radical nephrectomy.Effective post-operative treatment is chemotherapy (CHOP) in conjunction with rituximab.

Objective To investigate the tubulocystic carcinoma (TC) of kidney in diagnosis and differential diagnosis,clinical and pathological features.Methods A case of TC was performed with HE and immunohistochemical staining,with review of the related literature.Results A man of 43 years old,who was found an occupying in the upper pole of the right kidney by B ultrasound,was performed ill-circumscribed of the right kidney.A gray solid ill-circumscribed mass was found within the renal parenchyma,which was sized of 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm.Microscopically,the tumor showed an invasive growth,and that it was composed of small tubular and vesicular structure closely spaced with slender fibrosis mesenchymal.The epithelial cells lining the tubules and cysts were flattened,cuboidal and hobnail cells,with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and obvious nucleolus of Fuhrman grade 3.The tumor showed positive of cytokeratin,CD10+++ and P504S+++,with low Ki-67 labeling index.Postoperative follow-up of 6 months,the patient showed no tumor recurrence and metastasis.Conclusions TC is a special subtype of renal cell carcinoma,with a tubular and cystic structure,high nuclear grade and rare mitotic.The differential diagnosis mainly includes other renal cystic lesions.The biological behavior of TC is indolent with less recurrence and distant metastasis.

Objective:To discuss the surgical techniques and clinical value of pure laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy without changing patient’s position in the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC).Methods:The clinical data of 28 patients, who underwent pure laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy with single patient’s position in the treatment of UTUC , were collected and analyzed, including 16 males and 12 females, with the median age of (68.3±9.7)(45-80)years.There were 20 renal pelvic carcinoma and 8 ureteral carcinoma with preoperative clinical TNM stage of T l-T 3N 0M 0. Among them, 9 tumors were located in right side, while 19 in left side. With the patient in a contralateral oblique position at 50°-70°. , an additional instrument hole is added at the midpoint between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis, besides the classical four holes. Nephrectomy was carried out routinely after the pneumoperitoneum was built, and then the ureter was dissected all the way down to bladder wall. The bladder was closed with 3-0 absorbable barbed suture following the bladder cuff being incised.The specimen were retrieved through the extended incision of the lower abdomen trocar or through vagina if suitable. There was no need to change patient’s positioning during operation. Results:All surgical procedures were successfully performed without conversion to open surgery. There was no serious bleeding or other operation related complications. The mean operative time was (136.3±48.7)(70-270)min, while the estimated blood loss was (46.3±38.3)(10-200)ml. The mean postoperative drainage volume (287.3±196.6)(30-910)ml, while the mean postoperative drainage time was 3.2(1-5)d. Their intestinal function recovered 1.5(1-4) d postoperatively. Their average postoperative hospital stay was(6.1±1.7)(3-12)d.Pathological results showed urothelial carcinoma in all cases, including 21 high grade and 7 low grade. Lymphovascular invasion was found in 7 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. All the surgical margins were negative. The median follow-up was(9.2±4.8)(1-12)months, and there was neither tumor recurrence nor distant metastasis.Conclusions:Compared with the traditional operation method, single posture pure transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy have the advantages of standardized operation method, simple procedure, less trauma, less bleeding and quick postoperative recovery. It is a safe and effective minimally invasive technology for the treatment of UTUC.

Purpose: Reduced quality of life after cystectomy has made bladder preservation a popular research topic for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Previous research has indicated significant tumor downstaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed before NAC to define the pathology, impacting the real evaluation of NAC. This research aimed to assess real NAC efficacy without interference from TURBT and apply combined modality therapies guided by NAC efficacy. Materials and Methods: Patients with cT2-4aN0M0 MIBC were confirmed by cystoscopic biopsy and imaging. NAC efficacy was assessed by imaging, urine cytology, and cystoscopy with multidisciplinary team discussion. Definite responders (≤ T1) underwent TURBT plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Incomplete responders underwent radical cystectomy or partial cystectomy if feasible. The primary endpoint was the bladder preservation rate. Results: Fifty-nine patients were enrolled, and the median age was 63 years. Patients with cT3-4 accounted for 75%. The median number of NAC cycles was three. Definite responders were 52.5%. The complete response (CR) was 10.2%, and 59.3% of patients received bladder-sparing treatments. With a median follow-up of 44.6 months, the 3-year overall survival (OS) was 72.8%. Three-year OS and relapse-free survival were 88.4% and 60.0% in the bladder-sparing group but only 74.3% and 37.5% in the cystectomy group. The evaluations of preserved bladder function were satisfactory. Conclusion After stratifying MIBC patients by NAC efficacy, definite responders achieved a satisfactory bladder-sparing rate, prognosis, and bladder function. The CR rate reflected the real NAC efficacy for MIBC. This therapy is worth verifying through multicenter research.

Objective:To investigate the long-term survival and safety in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who experienced a noninvasive down-staging (≤pT 1)after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) plus systemic chemotherapy and received bladder-sparing treatment. Methods:The records of patients with MIBC who underwent maximal TURBT plus systemic chemotherapy-guided bladder-sparing treatment were reviewed retrospectively from Dec 2013 to Dec 2020. Eventually, 22 patients who achieved noninvasive down-staging underwent conservative management. The total patient cohort contained 10 males and 12 females. A majority of patients had single lesion and stage T2 disease. The median age of the patients was 66 years and the median tumor size was 3.0 cm. All patients underwent maximal TURBT to resect all visible diseases and followed by 3-4 cycles platinum-based systemic chemotherapy. After achieving noninvasive down-staging, 14 patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and the other 8 patients underwent surveillance. Overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) was used to assess the bladder function after treatment.Results:Twelve patients achieved pT 0 and 10 patients were down-staged to cT a-T 1. At a median follow-up of 36.7 months, 90.9%(20/22) patients retained their bladder function successfully. Among the 14 patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 4 had grade 3 or 4 adverse events. Among the 8 patients who underwent surveillance, 3 had grade 3 or 4 adverse events after systemic chemotherapy.Nine patients experienced tumor recurrence in the bladder, and 2 patients died of bladder cancer. Seven (31.8%) patients experienced Ⅲ/Ⅳ grade complications. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients achieved pT0 were 66.7% and 100.0%, respectively. The 5-year RFS and OS in patients achieved cTa-T1 were 40% and 72%, respectively. The OABSS score of 20 patients who retained their bladder successfully was (1.00±1.03). Conclusions:MIBC patients who achieved noninvasive down-staging might be candidates for the bladder-sparing treatment with maximum TURBT followed by systemic chemotherapy.The patients who achieved pT 0 might have better prognosis with functional bladder.