Direct Black 38, a kind of benzidine-based azo dye, is widely used as a dye for fabric, leather, cotton, cellulosic material, paper, wool, silk, and so on. Benzidine-based azo dyes are proven as a mutagen and linked to bladder cancer. In 1978, Natonal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended that three widely used benzidine-based dyes (Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95) should be treated as carcinogens. In this experiment, metabolism of the benzidine-based dye. Direct Black 38 was examined by using an isolated liver perfusion system. To measure the metbolites of Direct Black 38,/ 8.0 micrometer, 30.5 micrometer and 63,3 micrometer of Direct Black 38 was added into the recirculating perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver. Samples were collected at 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90. 120 minute. They were treated with sep-pak and methanol, and the metabohtes were detected and quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Residual non-reactive dye in the perfusate and liver was reduced to benzidine and then analyzed by HPLC. Detected metabolites of ?Direct^-Black 38 were benzidine, N-acetylbenzidine, and N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. The average conentration of benzidine was 0.1 micrometer and this concentration was maintained throughout the experimental period. The average concentration of N-acetylbenzidine was 0.22 micrometer and took the same pattern of benzidine. When 30.5 micrometer of Direct BIact 38 was added to the perfusate, only. N,N'-diacetylbenzidin.e increased slightly with time. From the above results we suggest that only small amount of Dirst Black 38 might be metabolized to benzidine regardless of the s, amount of the Direct Black 38. There are some possible explanations. The liver was damaged during the perparation. And the function of the perfused liver decreased rapidly because adsorbing of dye. The benzidine, acetylbenzidine and diacetylbenzidine metabolized to other metabolites were not detected in this experiment.
Animals ; Carcinogens ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Coloring Agents ; Liver* ; Metabolism* ; Methanol ; Occupational Health ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Silk ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Wool

The aim of this study was to investigate the change of microbial contamination levels in the different areas and at the different time points after application of a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that has mechanical antimicrobial effect. The microbial contamination levels were measured in three different areas; unit chair handle, spit sink area and hand piece holder at different time points using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring system and ATP surface test kit. Hand piece holder showed the highest level of microbial contamination. In most of the clinics, QAC significantly reduced the levels of microbial contamination, and maintained antimicrobial activity for 4 to 6 months. QAC may be used effectively in dental clinics due to the duration of antimicrobial effect and the minimal exposure of chemicals and further studies are needed with large sample size.

Management of migraine, one of common primary headache disorders, involves the diverse strategies non-pharmacological treatment, such as headache diary, lifestyle modification, regular exercise and relaxation, cognitive behavioral therapy and neurostimulation, and pharmacological treatment. Among the treatments, this review described a pharmacologic treatment of migraine, classified into acute and preventive treatment based on the severity and the frequency of headache. It introduced the way to optimize pharmacological treatment and updated the latest treatment for migraine.

Objective: The optimal imaging approach for evaluating pathological nipple discharge remains unclear. We investigated the value of adding ductography to ultrasound (US) for evaluating pathologic nipple discharge in patients with negative mammography findings. Materials and Methods: From July 2003 to December 2018, 101 women (mean age, 46.3 ± 12.2 years; range, 23–75 years) with pathologic nipple discharge were evaluated using pre-ductography (initial) US, ductography, and post-ductography US. The imaging findings were reviewed retrospectively. The standard reference was surgery (70 patients) or > 2 years of followup with US (31 patients). The diagnostic performances of initial US, ductography, and post-ductography US for detecting malignancy were compared using the McNemar’s test or a generalized estimating equation. Results: In total, 47 papillomas, 30 other benign lesions, seven high-risk lesions, and 17 malignant lesions were identified as underlying causes of pathologic nipple discharge. Only eight of the 17 malignancies were detected on the initial US, while the remaining nine malignancies were detected by ductography. Among the nine malignancies detected by ductography, eight were detected on post-ductography US and could be localized for US-guided intervention. The sensitivities of ductography (94.1% [16/17]) and post-ductography US (94.1% [16/17]) were significantly higher than those of initial US (47.1% [8/17]; p = 0.027 and 0.013, respectively). The negative predictive value of post-ductography US (96.9% [31/32]) was significantly higher than that of the initial US (83.3% [45/54]; p = 0.006). Specificity was significantly higher for initial US than for ductography and post-ductography US (p = 0.001 for all). Conclusion The combined use of ductography and US has a high sensitivity for detecting malignancy in patients with pathologic nipple discharge and negative mammography. Ductography findings enable lesion localization on second-look post-ductography US, thus facilitating the selection of optimal treatment plans.

PURPOSE: The congenital H-type rectovestibular fistula, a fistula between the anorectum and genital tract besides a normal anus is a rare variant of anorectal deformities. This disease needs proper treatment but there are no standard of diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this report is to review a 13-year experience of approach and management for H-type rectovestibular fistula at a single institution. METHODS: From February 2002 to August 2015, we cared for 11 patients who had congenital H-type rectovestibular fistula and reviewed their clinical presentation, accompanied anomalies, diagnostic modalities, operative technique, and postoperative progress. RESULTS: Most patients with H-type rectovestibular fistula presented with symptoms including vestibular defecation and major labial abscess. We could find the fistula tract in most of patients by fistulography using contrast dye. All of the patients had been operated. There were 2 recurrences after surgical treatment who had inflammation and infection associated with the fistula. All other patients recovered without complications. CONCLUSION: We think the operation including fistulectomy and repair of perineal body through a transanal approach can be a feasible option to the congenital H-type rectovestibular fistula. Also, combined inflammation and infection should be treated prior to surgery to reduce postoperative complications.
Abscess ; Anal Canal ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Defecation ; Diagnosis* ; Fistula* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Postoperative Complications ; Recurrence

No abstract available.
Ascorbic Acid/*chemistry ; Blood Chemical Analysis/instrumentation/*methods ; Blood Glucose/*analysis ; Maltose/*chemistry

Objective: To investigate perceptions of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with anxiety caused by the COVID-19 epidemic in the elderly who are vulnerable to mental health problems. Methods: This study used data of a survey on perceptions of COVID-19 and changes in mental health of 1,000 out of residents in a province of Korea in April 2020. The survey included questions about psychological perceptions for COVID-19. Subjects were dived into two groups (<60 and ≥60). Binary logistic regression analyses were performed for evaluating the association between anxiety and perceptions about COVID-19 in each group. Results: Results of binary logistic regression analyses revealed that only ‘fear of getting infected myself’among perceptions for COVID-19 was associated with anxiety in the elderly aged more than 60 years. However, in adults aged less than 60 years, all perceptions for COVID-19 except impairment of performance were associated with such anxiety. Conclusion We found that the anxiety for COVID-19 in elderly with age over 60 years was associated with ‘fear of getting infected myself’ rather than ‘fear of family or people around them’, unlike adults aged less than 60 years. These results can be applied in strategies for psychological quarantine against COVID-19 among the elderly.

Objective: To investigate perceptions of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with anxiety caused by the COVID-19 epidemic in the elderly who are vulnerable to mental health problems. Methods: This study used data of a survey on perceptions of COVID-19 and changes in mental health of 1,000 out of residents in a province of Korea in April 2020. The survey included questions about psychological perceptions for COVID-19. Subjects were dived into two groups (<60 and ≥60). Binary logistic regression analyses were performed for evaluating the association between anxiety and perceptions about COVID-19 in each group. Results: Results of binary logistic regression analyses revealed that only ‘fear of getting infected myself’among perceptions for COVID-19 was associated with anxiety in the elderly aged more than 60 years. However, in adults aged less than 60 years, all perceptions for COVID-19 except impairment of performance were associated with such anxiety. Conclusion We found that the anxiety for COVID-19 in elderly with age over 60 years was associated with ‘fear of getting infected myself’ rather than ‘fear of family or people around them’, unlike adults aged less than 60 years. These results can be applied in strategies for psychological quarantine against COVID-19 among the elderly.