Double-orifice mitral valve is a relatively rare congenital abnormality, usually discovered at autopsy or surgery. In most cases, the double-orifice mitral valve causes no hemodynamic effects, sometimes it is regurgitant, and rarely is stenotic. Appreciation of this echocardiographic abnormality is important because double orifice mitral valve is often associated with other congenital anomalies and this echocardiographic findings may be confused with other cardiac abnormalities. The authors report a case of isolated congenital double-orifice mitral valve in a 42-year-old woman. Data from the literature are reviewed and the echocardiographic images of the malformation are described.
Adult ; Autopsy ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Mitral Valve*

Purpose: The correlation between the existence of the preoperative condition of ≥10 prism diopters (PD) in patients with basic type of intermittent exotropia (IXT) and postoperative outcomes was analyzed.
Methods: The medical records of patients that underwent surgery for IXT were analyzed retrospectively. The analysis was conducted by dividing the patients into a group with change of <10 PD (group 1) and ≥10 PD (group 2) before the time of the surgery. Patients who received at least 6 months of follow-up after surgery were included. The age, sex, angle of deviation and stereoacuity of the patients were studied. Surgical success was defined as exodeviation of <10 PD or esodeviation of <4 PD at the final visit after the surgery. The correlation between clinical factors and surgical success rate was analyzed by using correlative analysis.
Results: A total of 129 patients participated in the study. There were 108 (83.7%) and 21 (16.3%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There were 89 (82.4%) and 17 (80.1%) patients with surgical successes in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.18). Moreover, 13 (12.0%) patients in group 1 and three (14.3%) patients in group 2 required reoperation, showing no significant difference (p = 0.12). There was no statistically significant correlation between surgical success and preoperative change of angle of deviation <10 PD (odds ratio, 1.78; p = 0.17).
Conclusions Among the patients with basic type of IXT subjected to the analysis, 16.3% had a change of ≥10 PD before surgery, and there was no significant correlation between surgical success and preoperative change of angle of deviation.

Purpose: The correlation between the existence of the preoperative condition of ≥10 prism diopters (PD) in patients with basic type of intermittent exotropia (IXT) and postoperative outcomes was analyzed.
Methods: The medical records of patients that underwent surgery for IXT were analyzed retrospectively. The analysis was conducted by dividing the patients into a group with change of <10 PD (group 1) and ≥10 PD (group 2) before the time of the surgery. Patients who received at least 6 months of follow-up after surgery were included. The age, sex, angle of deviation and stereoacuity of the patients were studied. Surgical success was defined as exodeviation of <10 PD or esodeviation of <4 PD at the final visit after the surgery. The correlation between clinical factors and surgical success rate was analyzed by using correlative analysis.
Results: A total of 129 patients participated in the study. There were 108 (83.7%) and 21 (16.3%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There were 89 (82.4%) and 17 (80.1%) patients with surgical successes in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.18). Moreover, 13 (12.0%) patients in group 1 and three (14.3%) patients in group 2 required reoperation, showing no significant difference (p = 0.12). There was no statistically significant correlation between surgical success and preoperative change of angle of deviation <10 PD (odds ratio, 1.78; p = 0.17).
Conclusions Among the patients with basic type of IXT subjected to the analysis, 16.3% had a change of ≥10 PD before surgery, and there was no significant correlation between surgical success and preoperative change of angle of deviation.

In an epidemiological study of metal workers exposed to metalworking fluids(MWF), the prevalence time of evoultion, seasonal occurrence and clinical type of contact dermatitis were investigated. Composinal analyses of MWF with HPLC, dermatological examination and two consecutive questionnaire surveys were conducted. Study population was divided into two groups ; workers contact to cutting oil and workers contact to rust preventive oil. In the analysis of MWF, aliphatic hydrocarbons, having 12-20 carbons, was most common composition(49.04%) of cutting oil otherwise, major contents (90.99%) of the rust preventives oil were aliphatic hydrocarbons composed of 6-9 carbons. The frequency (point prevalence) of contact dermatitis(CD) was 7(12.7 per 100 subjects) in the dermatological examination of 55 workers. As the result of second survey for contact dermatitis, cumulative prevalence of oil working full-time and recent 1 year prevalence in two groups were 28.0, 16.7 and 15.1, 12.5 per 100 subjects. There were no difference in the prevalence of CD by oil, age, oil contact duration. Summer is the most common evolution season in workers exposed to cuttiogs, but not in workers exposed to rust preventive oil. Major clinical type of CD was erythematous papules in both groups. It presents the importance of preventive measures that 51.1% suffer from contact dermatitis had medical care at their own expense, and 47.1% of them felt serious about their contact dermatitis. From the fact that 68.6% think cotton gloves protective apparatus, we emphasize the need for health education.
Carbon ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Health Education ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons ; Male* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seasons

BACKGROUND: The accumulation of lipoprotein and monocyte in the intima of the arterial wall is the most important step of the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an anti-atherogenic role by lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, but, it may also act as a receptor of some lipoproteins and monocyte at the arterial wall and act as a atherogenic molecule. Previous studies showed somewhat contradictory results about the association of CAD and LPL polymorphisms and mutations. Racial and dietary difference may contribute to these contradictory results. In this study, we tried to find out the association of CAD and the genetic variation of the LPL (PvuII RFLP in intron 6, HindIII RFLP in intron 8 and Ser 447 Ter mutation in exon 9) in Korean population. METHOD AND RESULT: CAD patients (n=146), confirmed by coronary angiography and healthy Korean adult volunteers (n=110) were genotyped for PvuII/HindIII RFLP and Ser447Ter mutation of the LPL gene by PCR-digestion method. Between two groups, the genotype frequency of these genetic variations was not different. But, the genetic variations showed different effect on lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) in the CAD group and in the control group. In the CAD group, P1 allele carriers showed higher total cholesterol (P1P1+P1P2:P2P2=216+-51 mg/dl:198+/-38 mg/dl, p=0.039) and higher LDL cholesterol level (P1P1+P1P2:P2P2=143+/-46 mg/dl:126+/-36 mg/dl, p=0.047), and H1 allele carriers had lower Body mass index than non-carriers (23.8+/-2.3 kg/m2 :24.8+/-2.9 kg/m2 , p=0.047). In the control group, the Ser447Ter mutation carriers had higher HDL cholesterol level than non-carriers (59+/-10mg/dl versus 53+/-11mg/dl, p=0.049) and patients with P1 allele showed lower body mass index (P1P1+P1P2: P2P2=23.1+/-2.6 kg/m 2 :24.5+/-2.6 kg/m2 , p=0.006). CONCLUSION: In Korean, PvuII/HindIII RFLP and Ser447Ter mutation was not associated with CAD, and they showed different effect on the lipid profile and on the body mass index according to the study group. These results suggests that the phenotypic characteristics of the LPL gene of the Korean people are different from those of occidental people.
Adult ; Alleles ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Exons ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introns ; Lipolysis ; Lipoprotein Lipase* ; Lipoproteins* ; Monocytes ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Volunteers

This study was performed to compare the incidence of posterior capsular opacity (PCO) and refractive errors between hydrophilic (ACR6D, Corneal (R) ) and hydrophobic (MA60BM, AcrySof (R) ) acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) over a 3-year follow-up after phacoemulsification surgery. The patients with AcrySof (R) implanted in one eye and Corneal (R) in the other eye were categorized as Group 1 (n=28), while those with one or both eyes implanted with IOLs of the same kind were categorized as Group 2 (AcrySof (R), n=90; Corneal (R), n=95). Refractive errors were evaluated at 3 months and 3 years postoperatively. The incidence of visually significant PCO was investigated 3 years postoperatively. Postoperative refractive values at 3 months were not significantly different between the two groups. However, refractive values at 3 years were significantly different between two IOLs in both groups [AcrySof (R) -0.37 +/- 0.43D, Corneal (R) -0.62 +/- 0.58D in Group 1 (p=0.04) ; AcrySof (R) -0.38 +/- 0.52, Corneal (R) -0.68 +/- 0.54 in Group 2 (p< 0.01) ]. The incidence of visually significant PCO was 14% and 32% in Group 1, and 13% and 28% in Group 2, for the AcrySof (R) and Corneal (R) implants, respectively. The incidence of visually significant PCO of hydrophilic acrylic IOLs was higher than that of hydrophobic acrylic IOLs in the 3-year follow-up. The postoperative 3-year refractive value of Corneal (R) showed myopic shift.
*Acrylic Resins ; Aged ; Cataract/*epidemiology/etiology ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydrophobicity ; Incidence ; Lens Capsule, Crystalline/*pathology ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; *Lenses, Intraocular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phacoemulsification ; *Postoperative Complications ; Refractive Errors/*epidemiology/etiology

Purpose: We analyzed the effects of low-dose atropine on myopic progression in elementary schoolchildren aged 6-11 years. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed before and after 6 months of low-dose atropine eyedrops. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent < -1 diopter. Low-dose atropine eyedrops (atropine sulfate 0.125% [w/v]) and artificial tear eyedrops (sodium hyaluronate 0.1% [w/v]) immediately afterwards were applied to both eyes daily, and all children regularly visited us for measurement of refractive power, axial length, pupil diameter, and near-point accommodation. symptoms (headache, light sensitivity, near-work disturbance, allergic reaction, dry eye, and poor night vision) were recorded. Results: A total of 116 patients were included. Atropine was prescribed for 65 patients, the remaining 51 patients constituted the control group. In the atropine group, the mean age was 10.2 ± 1.8 years and 23 patients (35.4%) were male. At the initial visit, the mean refractive power was -4.7 ± 2.1 diopters (D) (-1.0 to -10.5) and the mean axial length was 24.95 ± 1.02 mm (22.58-27.99). At the 6-month follow-up, the change of refractive power was -0.9 ± 1.1 D (-0.75 to -4.75) and the change of axial length was 0.47 ± 0.39 mm (0.01-1.6). However, 6 months after application of low-dose atropine eyedrops, the change of refractive power was -0.1 ± 0.2 D (0 to -0.25) and the change of mean axial length was 0.15 ± 0.23 mm (0-1.05). The mean pupil diameter was 6.7 ± 0.6 mm (5.3-9.3) and the near accommodation point was 6.1 ± 2.0 cm (3.1-11.0). Two patients (3.1%) complained of near-work disturbance but none stopped taking the eyedrops. Conclusions Significant decreases in the changes of refractive power and axial length were evident in myopic elementary schoolchildren after low-dose atropine therapy. Low-dose atropine attenuates myopic progression without severe complications.

Most distal radius fractures are currently being treated with anterior plating using anatomical precontoured locking compression plates via the anterior approach. However, it is difficult to fix the volar articular marginal fragment because these anatomical plates should be placed proximally to the watershed line. There were just a few methods of fixation for this fragment on medical literature. Herein, we introduced a tension band wiring technique for fixation of a volar articular marginal fragment in the distal radius.
Radius Fractures ; Radius

We performed a revisionary open reduction and internal fixation for treating nonunion of the mid-shaft of the left clavicle with an autogenous cancellous bone graft. On postoperative day 4, the patient presented with neurologic deficits in the left upper extremity. We removed the implant and made a superior angulation to decompress the brachial plexus. At 6 months postoperatively, callus bridging and consolidation were visible and all hand and elbow functions were fully recovered. Our case suggests that brachial plexus neuropathy may be caused by stretching and compression after reduction and straightening of the nonunion site around adhesions or scar tissue. Therefore, care should be taken whether there are the risk factors that can cause brachial plexus neuropathy when revision surgery is performed for treating nonunion of a clavicle shaft fracture.
Bony Callus ; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies ; Brachial Plexus ; Cicatrix ; Clavicle ; Elbow ; Hand ; Humans ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Risk Factors ; Transplants ; Upper Extremity

Purpose: We investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) treatment during half-time break on performance related physiological indices during second half soccer match. Methods: Twenty-two collegiate soccer players participated in the study. Subjects undertook 3 minutes head out seated with whole body immersion at 19 o C to 21 o C. Total four venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of ionic regulations and inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α , and vascular endothelial growth factor) and immune functions (immunoglobulin [Ig] G, IgG2, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgM). Results: Partial oxygen concentration and %SO 2 level was lowered in CWI. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were not significantly different between experimental groups. While there was no notable effect was shown in Na ＋ and Ca 2＋ , K ＋ concentration was higher in CWI during second half match. There were no effects in any of inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines and Ig. Conclusion These results suggest that CWI during half time break exert positively affects in buffering capacity and promote oxygen delivery to the actively recruited skeletal muscle, possibly results in improve soccer performance during second half match.