Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand smartphone use guidance experiences of parents elementary school students. Methods: Qualitative data were collected from 10 parents of elementary school students through individual in-depth interview from January 2022 to February 2022. Collected data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Results: The following four categories were derived from in-depth interviews: ‘Ambivalence on children's smartphone use’, ‘Limitations of guidance competence’, ‘Strategy for guidance’, and ‘New insights and challenges’. Conclusion This study confirmed that parents of elementary school students were experiencing insight and growth in the process of constantly thinking, trying new strategies, and struggling while guiding their children’s smartphone use. Parental education on elementary school students' smartphone use guidance should include comprehensive contents that could check awareness and principles of useful smartphone use and enable effective guidance tailored to the child's developmental characteristics.

PURPOSE: This study was to explore experiences of spouses with hematologic malignancy patients. The main question was "What are experiences of spouses whose husband or wife was diagnosed with hematologic malignancy?". METHODS: Participants for this study were 12 spouses. Data were collected through individual in-depth unstructured interviews with participants from Feb, 2014 to June, 2015 and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology RESULTS: A core category was 'Finding a way to get out of the endless tunnel'. The process is 1) Shock, 2) Confusion, 3) Struggle, 4) Living with the disease, 5) Maturation within the disease. The contextual conditions were 'Responsibility for patient', 'Fear of spouseless future'. The intervening conditions were 'Having support', 'Having closer marital relationship', Keeping patient's disease repressed. Finally, Participants reached 'Circling around the disease', 'Finding personal growth'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study could help understand the experiences of spouses of hematologic malignancy patients. The emerged process of their experiences gives a framework to develop strategies to help spouses to overcome disease.
Hematologic Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Shock ; Spouses*

Strange attractor can be constructed from time series data such as heart sound. In the areas of the recognition and diagnosis of abnormal heart sounds, signal presentation method is very useful because good features can be detected from good presentation. This paper examines efficiency in diagnosing abnormal heart sounds of the two different methods for constructing attractor. Nine different heart sounds from typical clinical conditions were used for this study. The first method was constructing attractors using original heart sounds, and the second was modifying the original sounds by autocorrelation and they were then applied to the orignal sounds as to cross correlation checks. Attractors could be constructed using signals generated by these methods, and values of fractal dimensions would then be calculated which has been a well known method to measure characteristics of attractors. The results showed that the second method appeared to provide more efficient way to correctly classify abnormal heart sounds.
Diagnosis ; Fractals* ; Heart Sounds* ; Heart*

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a mother's modeling and feeding practices on the eating behavior of the children. Methods: From April to June 2018, 1,036 young children aged 2 to 6 years and their mothers in Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, were examined for their eating behavior and feeding practices using a verified dietary behavior test (DBT). The children's dietary behavior was classified into four categories: “access evasiveness”, “sensory acuity”, “hyperactivity”, and “irregularity”. The mother's eating behavior was classified into three categories: “pickiness”, “negligence”, and “irregularity”, and feeding practice types were classified into two categories: “responsibility/monitoring”, and “restriction/pressure”. The differences between the groups were tested using the t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test. The influence of feeding practices on the children's eating behavior was analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis while controlling for the mother’s modeling. Results: The problem rates of irregularity, negligence and pickiness in the mother's modeling were 33.7%, 22.8%, and 20.7%, respectively. An analysis of the mother's feeding practices revealed that responsibility/monitoring had a middle, high and low significance in 74.2%, 17.3%, and 8.5% of respondents, respectively and the risk rate of restriction/pressure when guiding children to eat was 15.3%. The problem rates for sensory acuity, access evasiveness, irregularity, and hyperactivity in children were 27.9%, 26.1%, 24.8%, and 22.0%, respectively. Among the four eating behavior characteristics of children, the child's access evasiveness and sensory acuity were more affected by their pickiness rather than the mother's feeding practices, and the child's hyperactivity was more influenced by feeding practices than the mother's eating behavior. The child's irregularity was similarly affected by the mother's eating behavior and feeding practices. Conclusion Since the mother's eating behavior and feeding practices affect the children's eating behavior, a diet improvement program for children should consider not only the nutrition education of children but also the mother's eating behavior and provide the necessary intervention for feeding practices.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the attributes and psychometric properties of newly developed diabetic foot complication assessment tools. The attributes of diabetic foot complication assessment tools were evaluated using a systematic review. METHODS: The search terms: “diabetes mellitus” and “foot ulcer” were retrieved using Boolean operators of “and”, “or”, and “not”. The search was limited to articles published between 2007 and 2016. The literature was analyzed by division of methodological characteristics, instrumental characteristics, and item and stratified outcome characteristics. RESULTS: Six assessment tools were found for diabetic foot complications. Only three of the six tools presented the evidence in terms of validity and reliability. In all six tools, “ulcer” was the measured item with the highest frequency, but the contents of items varied. The six identified tools focused on assessing current physical symptoms, but not on predicting diabetic foot complications. CONCLUSION Preventive foot self-care should be used to predict diabetic foot complications before symptoms appear. Moreover, the reliability and validity of existing tools should be verified in terms of discrimination, prediction, and evaluation.

Purpose: The aims of this systematic review were to identify the study protocol of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) and review the effect of VRT among patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Methods: This review followed the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A systematic literature search was conducted using 12 electronic databases including gray literature with no limit of publication year. Search terms included relevant terms regarding “PTSD”, “trauma”, and “VRT”. Among 265 studies extracted through PRISMA, 20 studies were selected and evaluated for quality assessment using the Risk of Bias tool of Cochrane’s collaboration. Results: The majority of the literature focused on combat veterans and war situations (95%).Usually, each session usually took 60~120 minutes of VRT in 10~20 sessions for 5~10 weeks. The VRT equipment and contents were individually designed considering patients’ traumatic experiences. Most of the studies reported the positive effects associated to reduced levels of PTSD (80%) and related symptoms, such as, depression (45%) and anxiety (25%). Conclusion Based on our findings, further studies are required to evaluate VRT in people with PTSD, after improving study design and standardizing protocols.

Purpose: The aims of this systematic review were to identify the study protocol of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) and review the effect of VRT among patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Methods: This review followed the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A systematic literature search was conducted using 12 electronic databases including gray literature with no limit of publication year. Search terms included relevant terms regarding “PTSD”, “trauma”, and “VRT”. Among 265 studies extracted through PRISMA, 20 studies were selected and evaluated for quality assessment using the Risk of Bias tool of Cochrane’s collaboration. Results: The majority of the literature focused on combat veterans and war situations (95%).Usually, each session usually took 60~120 minutes of VRT in 10~20 sessions for 5~10 weeks. The VRT equipment and contents were individually designed considering patients’ traumatic experiences. Most of the studies reported the positive effects associated to reduced levels of PTSD (80%) and related symptoms, such as, depression (45%) and anxiety (25%). Conclusion Based on our findings, further studies are required to evaluate VRT in people with PTSD, after improving study design and standardizing protocols.

OBJECTIVES: The presence of psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety disorders is considered to be the most important risk factor of suicide. Also, suicidal risk is known to be increased in patients who have serious medical illnesses. Like in patients with other medical illness, some authors reported that suicidal risk is increased in patients with stroke. But there have been no reports with Korean patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of suicidal ideation of patients in the acute stage of stroke, and to examine the demographic characteristics, and psychiatric and neurological symptoms between the patients with and without suicidal ideation. METHODS: Seventy seven hospitalized stroke patients at the Hallym Stroke Center from July of 1999 to June of 2000 were included in this study. Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale(BSIS) was used to evaluate suicidal ideation. Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) for depression and anxiety, and Social Support Scale(SSS) for social support system of the stroke patients were used. Neurologic disabilities were rated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) and Barthel's Index. RESULTS: Thirty five percent(N=27) of the stroke patients reported severe suicidal ideation. Scores of BDI, BAI and SSS were higher in the patients with severe suicidal ideation than their counterpart. There were no differences in Barthel's index score and NIHSS between two groups. Most patients with severe suicidal ideation had depressive or anxiety symptoms. But patients without depressive or anxiety symptoms also reported severe suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty five percent of stroke patients in acute stage of their illness have severe suicidal ideation that requires careful psychiatric evaluation and intervention. Inclusion of routine assessment of suicidal ideation in these patients is recommended.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depression ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Risk Factors ; Stroke* ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide

PURPOSE: Serum screening test to detect specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an important step for the assessment of potential allergenicity of genetically modified (GM) food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of pooled serum for serum screening instead of individual serum. METHODS: Children with allergic disease were recruited and those who were sensitized to peanut or egg white were selected to obtain their sera. Sensitization to these foods was determined when the level of specific IgE was over 0.35 kU/L by ImmunoCAP. The patients were divided into subgroups according to their level of specific IgE. Raw proteins were extracted and immunoblot analysis was performed to compare the immunoreactivity between individual serum and pooled serum. RESULTS: Pooled serum from peanut-sensitized allergic children showed all the bands which were shown in immunoblot analysis by using individual serum and peanut protein extract. These findings were demonstrated both in pooled serum with low level of peanut-specific IgE and in those with high level of peanut-specific IgE. Likewise, there was no difference in the immunoreactivity between individual serum and pooled serum from egg white-sensitized allergic children. CONCLUSION: Pooled serum can be used as an alternative to individual serum for the serum screening in the allergenicity assessment of GM food.
Child ; Egg White ; Food, Genetically Modified ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Mass Screening ; Ovum ; Proteins

Umbilical catheters have been used in NICUs for drawing blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and administering fluid and medications for more than 50 years. When the patient does not need the umbilical catheter or complications associated with umbilical catheters have risen, the catheter must be removed. In this process, the catheter may snap or be cut off and the fragment may migrate to a near vessel or to the heart and cause infection, thrombosis, or arrythmia. We report a case where in the process of removing an umbilical vein catheter, the catheter was stuck to the dried umbilical cord and pulling at it caused the catheter to snap. An immediate roentgenogram showed the fragmented catheter had migrated to the left pulmonary artery. Using an intravascular snare with a femoral approach, we were able to collect the remaining catheter and remove it from the patient's body without any complications.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Catheters* ; Heart ; Humans ; Pulmonary Artery ; SNARE Proteins* ; Thrombosis ; Umbilical Cord ; Umbilical Veins*