A baby was diagnosed with esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) on the next day after birth, and end-to-end anastomosis of esophagus with TEF ligation was performed. The distance between proximal and distal esophageal pouch was checked as 3 vertebral body lengths and a 1 cm-sized bronchogenic cyst (BC) was identified near carina on the right side, just below the proximal esophageal pouch. This case report described the baby who have a BC was located between the both esophageal pouch and a longer esophageal gap than usual EA with distal TEF.
Bronchogenic Cyst* ; Esophageal Atresia* ; Esophagus ; Ligation ; Parturition ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Nowadays, Klebsiella oxytoca is described as a causative organism for antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). Here we report two cases of pediatric AAHC, from which K. oxytoca was cultured after starting amoxicillin-clavulanate or amoxicillin treatment. The patients developed severe abdominal pain and a large amount of bloody diarrhea. K. oxytoca was obtained in intestinal fluid culture of a boy through the colonoscopy. On the other hand, colonic tissue culture and intestinal fluid culture were negative of the other patient. K. oxytoca was detected in stool culture when he was admitted. These cases showed characteristic endoscopic findings of segmental hemorrhagic colitis, and both boys recovered spontaneously within 2–3 days after they stopped taking the antibiotics. Therefore, in children who develop relatively large amount of bloody diarrhea after antibiotic treatment, we should consider AAHC caused by K. oxytoca.
Abdominal Pain ; Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Child ; Colitis* ; Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Diarrhea ; Hand ; Humans ; Klebsiella oxytoca* ; Klebsiella* ; Male

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary supplements are popular among Korean consumers in the cross-border market. This study examined the cross-border shopping trends of dietary supplements in Korea, focusing on the major health functional foods.MATERIALS/METHODS: This study analyzed the customs clearance data provided by the Korea Customs Service, spanning 2019–2021. The term ‘health functional foods,’ which are manufactured with functional ingredients specified by law, was distinguished from the broader concept of ‘dietary supplements.’ The trends in dietary supplements and the major types of health functional foods in cross-border shopping were analyzed. The top 10 most purchased health functional foods were identified and analyzed by consumer gender and age group. RESULTS: Dietary supplements constituted 19.1% of all cross-border items, with the primary consumers being women aged 30 and 40 yrs. The most popular type of health functional foods was the ‘multi-nutrient product,’ comprising 14.5% of all health functional food items.‘Protein’ was popular among men and younger age groups, while ‘probiotics’ was favored by women. In particular, 32.3% of health functional food items were related to blood health. CONCLUSION The cross-border market for dietary supplements in Korea is experiencing growth, with consumer preferences varying by gender and age. These findings can assist in the development of regulatory policies that align with market trends and consumer needs in cross-border shopping for dietary supplements.

Objective: Apnea in newborns is defined as a respiratory pause of 20 seconds or longer, or apnea accompanied by bradycardia or cyanosis. To date, research on neonatal apnea has focused on premature infants born within 34 weeks of gestation. The aim of this study is to present clinical significance of apnea in full-term infants compared with late premature infants born over 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: In a retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of neonates born over 34 weeks of gestation hospitalized for apnea and their mothers from November 2020 to May 2024. A total of 124 neonates were collected and divided into full-term infants (n=54) and late preterm infants (n=70) groups. Results: The mean gestational age of full-term and late preterm infants was 38 +5 weeks and 35 +2weeks, and the mean birth weight was 3.16 kg and 2.14 kg. Apnea was associated with diseases in 44.4% of full-term infants and 38.6% of late preterm infants. The rates of multiple births, small for gestational age, and cesarean section deliveries were significantly higher in late preterm infants.Apnea occurred significantly earlier and recovered faster in full-term infants. Neurologic disease was significantly more occurred in full-term infants (P=0.021). Especially, cerebral infarction and seizure were diagnosed only in full-term infants. Conclusion Apnea occurred earlier in full-term infants and severe neurologic diseases were significantly more found in full-term infants compared with late preterm infants. A close examination is needed in full-term infants with apnea.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary supplements are popular among Korean consumers in the cross-border market. This study examined the cross-border shopping trends of dietary supplements in Korea, focusing on the major health functional foods.MATERIALS/METHODS: This study analyzed the customs clearance data provided by the Korea Customs Service, spanning 2019–2021. The term ‘health functional foods,’ which are manufactured with functional ingredients specified by law, was distinguished from the broader concept of ‘dietary supplements.’ The trends in dietary supplements and the major types of health functional foods in cross-border shopping were analyzed. The top 10 most purchased health functional foods were identified and analyzed by consumer gender and age group. RESULTS: Dietary supplements constituted 19.1% of all cross-border items, with the primary consumers being women aged 30 and 40 yrs. The most popular type of health functional foods was the ‘multi-nutrient product,’ comprising 14.5% of all health functional food items.‘Protein’ was popular among men and younger age groups, while ‘probiotics’ was favored by women. In particular, 32.3% of health functional food items were related to blood health. CONCLUSION The cross-border market for dietary supplements in Korea is experiencing growth, with consumer preferences varying by gender and age. These findings can assist in the development of regulatory policies that align with market trends and consumer needs in cross-border shopping for dietary supplements.

Objective: Apnea in newborns is defined as a respiratory pause of 20 seconds or longer, or apnea accompanied by bradycardia or cyanosis. To date, research on neonatal apnea has focused on premature infants born within 34 weeks of gestation. The aim of this study is to present clinical significance of apnea in full-term infants compared with late premature infants born over 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: In a retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of neonates born over 34 weeks of gestation hospitalized for apnea and their mothers from November 2020 to May 2024. A total of 124 neonates were collected and divided into full-term infants (n=54) and late preterm infants (n=70) groups. Results: The mean gestational age of full-term and late preterm infants was 38 +5 weeks and 35 +2weeks, and the mean birth weight was 3.16 kg and 2.14 kg. Apnea was associated with diseases in 44.4% of full-term infants and 38.6% of late preterm infants. The rates of multiple births, small for gestational age, and cesarean section deliveries were significantly higher in late preterm infants.Apnea occurred significantly earlier and recovered faster in full-term infants. Neurologic disease was significantly more occurred in full-term infants (P=0.021). Especially, cerebral infarction and seizure were diagnosed only in full-term infants. Conclusion Apnea occurred earlier in full-term infants and severe neurologic diseases were significantly more found in full-term infants compared with late preterm infants. A close examination is needed in full-term infants with apnea.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary supplements are popular among Korean consumers in the cross-border market. This study examined the cross-border shopping trends of dietary supplements in Korea, focusing on the major health functional foods.MATERIALS/METHODS: This study analyzed the customs clearance data provided by the Korea Customs Service, spanning 2019–2021. The term ‘health functional foods,’ which are manufactured with functional ingredients specified by law, was distinguished from the broader concept of ‘dietary supplements.’ The trends in dietary supplements and the major types of health functional foods in cross-border shopping were analyzed. The top 10 most purchased health functional foods were identified and analyzed by consumer gender and age group. RESULTS: Dietary supplements constituted 19.1% of all cross-border items, with the primary consumers being women aged 30 and 40 yrs. The most popular type of health functional foods was the ‘multi-nutrient product,’ comprising 14.5% of all health functional food items.‘Protein’ was popular among men and younger age groups, while ‘probiotics’ was favored by women. In particular, 32.3% of health functional food items were related to blood health. CONCLUSION The cross-border market for dietary supplements in Korea is experiencing growth, with consumer preferences varying by gender and age. These findings can assist in the development of regulatory policies that align with market trends and consumer needs in cross-border shopping for dietary supplements.

Objective: Apnea in newborns is defined as a respiratory pause of 20 seconds or longer, or apnea accompanied by bradycardia or cyanosis. To date, research on neonatal apnea has focused on premature infants born within 34 weeks of gestation. The aim of this study is to present clinical significance of apnea in full-term infants compared with late premature infants born over 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: In a retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of neonates born over 34 weeks of gestation hospitalized for apnea and their mothers from November 2020 to May 2024. A total of 124 neonates were collected and divided into full-term infants (n=54) and late preterm infants (n=70) groups. Results: The mean gestational age of full-term and late preterm infants was 38 +5 weeks and 35 +2weeks, and the mean birth weight was 3.16 kg and 2.14 kg. Apnea was associated with diseases in 44.4% of full-term infants and 38.6% of late preterm infants. The rates of multiple births, small for gestational age, and cesarean section deliveries were significantly higher in late preterm infants.Apnea occurred significantly earlier and recovered faster in full-term infants. Neurologic disease was significantly more occurred in full-term infants (P=0.021). Especially, cerebral infarction and seizure were diagnosed only in full-term infants. Conclusion Apnea occurred earlier in full-term infants and severe neurologic diseases were significantly more found in full-term infants compared with late preterm infants. A close examination is needed in full-term infants with apnea.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary supplements are popular among Korean consumers in the cross-border market. This study examined the cross-border shopping trends of dietary supplements in Korea, focusing on the major health functional foods.MATERIALS/METHODS: This study analyzed the customs clearance data provided by the Korea Customs Service, spanning 2019–2021. The term ‘health functional foods,’ which are manufactured with functional ingredients specified by law, was distinguished from the broader concept of ‘dietary supplements.’ The trends in dietary supplements and the major types of health functional foods in cross-border shopping were analyzed. The top 10 most purchased health functional foods were identified and analyzed by consumer gender and age group. RESULTS: Dietary supplements constituted 19.1% of all cross-border items, with the primary consumers being women aged 30 and 40 yrs. The most popular type of health functional foods was the ‘multi-nutrient product,’ comprising 14.5% of all health functional food items.‘Protein’ was popular among men and younger age groups, while ‘probiotics’ was favored by women. In particular, 32.3% of health functional food items were related to blood health. CONCLUSION The cross-border market for dietary supplements in Korea is experiencing growth, with consumer preferences varying by gender and age. These findings can assist in the development of regulatory policies that align with market trends and consumer needs in cross-border shopping for dietary supplements.

Objective: Apnea in newborns is defined as a respiratory pause of 20 seconds or longer, or apnea accompanied by bradycardia or cyanosis. To date, research on neonatal apnea has focused on premature infants born within 34 weeks of gestation. The aim of this study is to present clinical significance of apnea in full-term infants compared with late premature infants born over 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: In a retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of neonates born over 34 weeks of gestation hospitalized for apnea and their mothers from November 2020 to May 2024. A total of 124 neonates were collected and divided into full-term infants (n=54) and late preterm infants (n=70) groups. Results: The mean gestational age of full-term and late preterm infants was 38 +5 weeks and 35 +2weeks, and the mean birth weight was 3.16 kg and 2.14 kg. Apnea was associated with diseases in 44.4% of full-term infants and 38.6% of late preterm infants. The rates of multiple births, small for gestational age, and cesarean section deliveries were significantly higher in late preterm infants.Apnea occurred significantly earlier and recovered faster in full-term infants. Neurologic disease was significantly more occurred in full-term infants (P=0.021). Especially, cerebral infarction and seizure were diagnosed only in full-term infants. Conclusion Apnea occurred earlier in full-term infants and severe neurologic diseases were significantly more found in full-term infants compared with late preterm infants. A close examination is needed in full-term infants with apnea.