No abstract available.
Gangwon-do* ; Humans

PURPOSE: Oral glucose and pH are known as critical indicators for the growth of microorganism inside the oral cavity. This study was performed to identify oral glucose and pH variances in the early postnatal days of newborns. METHODS: An explorative study which included 67 newborns was conducted to measure the oral glucose and pH during the first three days of life. Oral secretions were collected every 8 hours for three days or 6 to 9 times immediately after birth up to discharge. Oral glucose and pH variances during the three days were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: Oral glucose was 30.66±22.01mg/dl at birth then increased to 54.77±27.96mg/dl at the third day of life (F=8.04, p<.001) while oral pH decreased from 7.35±0.36 to 5.53±0.39 during the three days (F=113.35, p<.001). Oral glucose and pH were related to gestational age, regurgitation, and maternal diabetic mellitus. A negative correlation was found between oral glucose and pH (r=-.34, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Oral glucose and pH can be utilized for oral health assessment in newborns. Further study is needed to explore the factors which influence oral glucose and pH in high-risk newborns.
Gestational Age ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mouth ; Oral Health ; Parturition

PURPOSE: Smoking during pregnancy contributes to the risk of negative health outcomes in mothers and babies. The purposes of this study were to review the harmful effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on fetal and child development, to discuss if maternal smoking should be criminalized as a form of child abuse, and to explore advocating for fetal rights. METHODS: A variety of published literature and legal documents including the Korean constitution, criminal laws, and children's welfare laws were reviewed and critically analyzed. RESULTS: Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to experience abortion related to placental dysfunction. Their unborn risk premature birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, neurobehavioral disturbances, and/or other complications and newborn babies are also at risk for complications. The advocates for fetal rights can assert that maternal smoking should be regarded as a crime. CONCLUSION: Findings show that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major risk factor for many adverse pregnancy outcomes. Effective strategies and health policies for smoking cessation during pregnancy are required to protect pregnant women and their babies.
Child ; Child Abuse ; Child Development ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Crime ; Criminal Law ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Jurisprudence ; Mothers ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Premature Birth ; Risk Factors ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Value of Life*

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a visiting inspection and knowledge-based food safety education program for cooks in child care facilities provided by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM). The research was conducted among cooks at 91 child care facilities; 56 existing facilities had been enrolled since 2011 and provided with the inspection and education program for 2 years and 35 new facilities were enrolled in 2012 and provided with the program for 1 year. The food safety knowledge of the cooks of the two groups were compared by the presence and duration of inspection and education programs provided by the CCFSM. The total mean score for food safety knowledge was 18.48+/-3.09, with a group score of 19.34+/-2.68 for the existing facilities and 17.11+/-3.25 for the new facilities (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in the knowledge of the personal sanitation. According to a post-test for food safety knowledge in the two groups after the completion of a one-year program on food safety by CCFSM, the mean score of food safety knowledge increased by 2.92 to 20.03 for cooks of the new facilities and both groups had significantly higher mean scores than pre-test (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean score of each group by post-test. Thus, the one-year continuous program by CCFSM was effective in improving food safety knowledge of the cooks of the child care facilities.
Child ; Child Care ; Education* ; Food Safety* ; Humans ; Sanitation

Gallstone composition has changed over the past decades in the Korean with a prominent increase in the prevalence of cholesterol gallstone. This trend is possibly due to the westernization of dietary habits. The purpose of this study was descriptive of GB patient's health related eating behaviors and nutrient consumption patterns. One hundred and six gallstone patients who have had cholecystitis surgery enrolled in this study. Anthropomertic indices, such as height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and calculated BMI and WHR. As the biomarker, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG level and SBP/DBP were measured and analyzed the relationship with GB stone formation. The structured checklist of health related eating behavior and the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire after pre-test was used in the face to face interview study. The mean age was 54.9 +/- 13.3 and gallstone disease was more frequent in the fifties and sixties. Mean BMI was 24.3 +/- 2.8 in males, and 23.4 +/- 3.9 in females, the average of waist circumference was 91.1 +/- 7.0 cm in males and females were 85.4 +/- 9.6 cm. The WHR of men and women was 0.93 +/- 0.0, 0.90 +/- 0.1, respectively. The obesity and overweight trend was observed in gallstone patients. The mean blood sugar was researched at 114.5 +/- 35.0 mg/ dL. And the ratio of both symptoms DM and gallstone was 26.4%. The rate of dramatic eating repast was significantly higher in the females (p < 0.01). Males tended to more frequently consume meat, of high fat content meats and greasy food consumption when eating out. The CPF ratio was 57 : 16.5 : 26.5. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and energy (r = 0.252, p < 0.05), carbohydrate (r = 0.255, p < 0.05) and niacin (r = 0.227, p < 0.05). In addition, carbohydrate were significantly correlatied with TC (r = 0.230, p < 0.05). BMI appeared positive in correlation of protein (r = 0.201, p < 0.05) and fat (r = 0.205, p < 0.05). These findings provide a little association that dietary habits are related with cholesterol gallstone formation.
Blood Glucose ; Checklist ; Cholecystitis ; Cholesterol ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Gallstones* ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Niacin ; Nutritional Status* ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

This study is attempted to propose a quality evaluation method of the materials for nutrition education by applying readability test of printed materials for nutrition education. It is significantly important for the teaching class with nutrition education materials to consider students understanding level and education materials topics or choosing words in developed printed materials. This study performed an evaluation of the readability of text in teachers' guidebook, which is devised for elementary school students' education material about sugar, sodium and trans-fat and attempted to estimate the developing materials through analyzing difficulty level of the text. We utilized "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" that had been developed for elementary school by Ministry Education Science and Technology, as the readability evaluation standard. Compared with the average score of readability about "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity", 72.94 +/- 6.85, "Sugar Guidebook" was 70.94 +/- 7.46, "Sodium Guidebook" was 68.76 +/- 14.50, and "Trans-fat Guidebook" was 58.87 +/- 10.79. Considering the subjects careers or ages, "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" has little deviation by the subjects careers or ages and was "intermediate" or "easy" level; however, "Sugar Guidebook", "Sodium Guidebook", "Trans-fat Guidebook" was "intermediate" or "difficult" level (p < 0.05). Readability score was especially low when the contents of some particular subjects were too professionalized or scientific terms were frequently used, and thes results were definitely seen in the "Sodium Guidebook" and "Trans-fat Guidebook". With Cloze test score, the readability evaluation will be using as an evaluation tool for the nutrition education materials.
Comprehension ; Cooking ; Humans ; Sodium

PURPOSE: The study was undertaken to see whether the culturally sensitive education for perinatal care using a face to face approach improves understanding of spouse's culture, knowledge of pregnancy and parenting skills, and self-efficacy among Korean husbands and Vietnamese wives. METHODS: This study has a pre- and post-test study design conducted in a total of 13 couples who live in Seoul and agreed to participate. The education program consisted of lecture and hands on practice. The self-administered questionnaires and the checklist developed based on the educational purpose were used to assess the education effects. RESULTS: The knowledge scores on Korean/Vietnamese culture, pregnancy and parenting skills as well as the performance scores on hand washing, pelvic strengthening, feedings and newborn bathing techniques were significantly improved in both husbands and wives after education, but pelvic floor exercises were improved only in wives. CONCLUSION: Overall, the individual education for culturally sensitive perinatal care was effective in our study participants.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Baths ; Checklist ; Education* ; Exercise ; Family Characteristics ; Hand ; Hand Disinfection ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Parenting ; Parents ; Pelvic Floor ; Perinatal Care* ; Pregnancy ; Seoul ; Spouses*

PURPOSE: The present study examines the characteristics of medical students' learning styles and their relationships to the GPA. METHODS: One hundred 2nd year medical students took the revised version of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) by Felder-Silverman, which was computerized. The ILS classifies individual preferences for information processing into 16 categories based on four dichotomous dimension: active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, sequential/global, visual/verbal. The GPA from the previous semester was used. RESULTS: The most frequent learning styles were reflective, sensing, sequential, and visual, covering 25% of the class. For the relationship with the GPA, we compared group means. The sensing students showed significantly higher grades than the intuitive students. Other than this result, there seemed to be no particular relationship between learning styles and GPA. This relationship should be further studied. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, medical students were categorized based on individual differences in information processing. Learning styles are expected to be helpful in designing effective learning strategies and thereby enhancing medical students' performance.
Automatic Data Processing ; Humans ; Individuality ; Learning* ; Students, Medical

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have become an attractive manufacturing process, which is called additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping. A 3D printing system can design and fabricate 3D shapes and geometries resulting in custom 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering. In tissue regeneration and replacement, 3D printing systems have been frequently used with various biomaterials such as natural and synthetic polymers. In tissue engineering, soft tissue regeneration is very difficult because soft tissue has the properties of high elasticity, flexibility and viscosity which act as an obstacle when creating a 3D structure by stacking layer after layer of biomaterials compared to hard tissue regeneration. To overcome these limitations, many studies are trying to fabricate constructs with a very similar native micro-environmental property for a complex biofunctional scaffold with suitable biological and mechanical parameters by optimizing the biomaterials, for example, control the concentration and diversification of materials. In this review, we describe the characteristics of printing biomaterials such as hydrogel, synthetic polymer and composite type as well as recent advances in soft tissue regeneration. It is expected that 3D printed constructs will be able to replace as well as regenerate defective tissues or injured functional tissues and organs.
Biocompatible Materials ; Elasticity ; Hydrogel ; Ink* ; Pliability ; Polymers ; Printing, Three-Dimensional* ; Regeneration* ; Tissue Engineering ; Viscosity

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe health in optimal fitness (HOF) in young children born prematurely and to analyze factors affecting HOF in health status, investment resources, and anthropological values, based on HOF theory. METHODS: A case-control study of 76 children with preterm births (PTB) was conducted at 24 to 42 months of corrected age. Their HOF status was evaluated based on height, weight, head circumference, and the Korean-Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II and classified as either HOF-achieved or HOF-uncertain in the domain of growth, development, and all together. RESULTS: For growth, development, and all, 26.3%, 27.6%, and 47.4% of children, respectively, belonged to the HOF-uncertain group. Logistic regression analysis showed that longer length of hospital stay (≥21days; OR=7.8; 95% CI [1.5, 40.5]), worse scores on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) (≥38; OR=0.1; 95% CI [0.0, 0.4]), having a working mother, (OR=5.7; 95% CI [1.2, 27.6]), and an older mother (≥35 years; OR=8.8; 95% CI [2.1, 37.3]) were statistically significant contributors of HOF-uncertain in the domain of all. CONCLUSION: Findings show that young children born prematurely with prolonged stays in a neonatal intensive care unit and insufficient socioeconomic resources at home are more likely to exhibit delayed growth and development.
Case-Control Studies ; Child* ; Growth and Development ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Investments ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Premature Birth