PURPOSE: Study purposes were to exam effects of self-care education for children with type 1 diabetes on their diabetes management behaviors and to explore the relationship among diabetes management behaviors, knowledge, self-efficacy and clinical variables. METHODS: This study was a one group quasi-experimental study. Study participants were children with type 1 diabetes and attended a four hour self-care education of a diabetes camp. Data were collected using structured questionnaires including Diabetes Management Behavior Scale (DMBS), Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center's Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test and Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 12 (+/-2.3) years. After the education, their DMBS and knowledge improved, but the improvement was not statistically significant (t=1.758, p=.101; t=0.528, p=.606). Two areas of DMBS, daily prevention behaviors and modification of care plan, were associated with study variables. Daily prevention behaviors were associated with duration of diabetes (r=.653, p=.008), HbA1c (r=.563, p=.038) and having a complication (r=-2.788, p=.015). Modification of care plan was associated with age at diagnosis (r=-.552, p=.033). CONCLUSION: Children with type 1 diabetes could improve some parts of their diabetes management behaviors even after a short diabetes camp.
Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diagnosis ; Disease Management ; Education* ; Humans ; Michigan ; Self Care* ; Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: The study purposes were to explore school nurses' experience, perceived barriers, and education needs in diabetes management at school. METHODS: This study was a cross sectional study and the study participants were recruited conveniently at continuing education seminars for school nurses at Incheon Metropolitan City. RESULTS: Data for 101 school nurses were analyzed. The nurses were all women and their mean age was 46.9+/-9.3 years. About 66% of them had experience with children with diabetes at school. The school nurses reported that 74.6% of the students tested their blood glucose by themselves, the school clinic was the most common place for blood glucose tests (47.8%) and insulin injections (50.8%) and the nurses knew students' diagnosis through the student health survey (58.2%). About half of the nurses (53.7%) reported that glucagon should be available at school and 49.2% were willing to inject glucagon when necessary. The most frequently reported barrier in diabetes management was role confusion (6.0+/-1.3) and the most common educational need was emergency responses (5.9+/-1.4). CONCLUSIONS: School health policy for diabetes management and diabetes resources are necessary to minimize role confusion of school nurses, improve emergency response, and facilitate health promotion activities in diabetes management.
Adolescent* ; Blood Glucose ; Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diagnosis ; Disease Management ; Education ; Education, Continuing ; Emergencies ; Female ; Glucagon ; Health Promotion ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Incheon ; Insulin ; School Health Services ; School Nursing

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have become an attractive manufacturing process, which is called additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping. A 3D printing system can design and fabricate 3D shapes and geometries resulting in custom 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering. In tissue regeneration and replacement, 3D printing systems have been frequently used with various biomaterials such as natural and synthetic polymers. In tissue engineering, soft tissue regeneration is very difficult because soft tissue has the properties of high elasticity, flexibility and viscosity which act as an obstacle when creating a 3D structure by stacking layer after layer of biomaterials compared to hard tissue regeneration. To overcome these limitations, many studies are trying to fabricate constructs with a very similar native micro-environmental property for a complex biofunctional scaffold with suitable biological and mechanical parameters by optimizing the biomaterials, for example, control the concentration and diversification of materials. In this review, we describe the characteristics of printing biomaterials such as hydrogel, synthetic polymer and composite type as well as recent advances in soft tissue regeneration. It is expected that 3D printed constructs will be able to replace as well as regenerate defective tissues or injured functional tissues and organs.
Biocompatible Materials ; Elasticity ; Hydrogel ; Ink* ; Pliability ; Polymers ; Printing, Three-Dimensional* ; Regeneration* ; Tissue Engineering ; Viscosity

We examined the hepatitis G virus infections among 227 Koreans who were healthy or were suspected of hepatitis and determined the phylogenetic relationship based on a part of the NS-5 region of 5 positive samples. Viral RNA was extracted from sera and cDNA was synthesized and subsequently amplified by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) or RT-nested PCR using random hexamer and NS-5 specific primers (470-20-1-77F, 470-20-1-211R, HGVNESTFO, HGVNESTRE). Five positives were found to belong to samples of patients showing symptoms of viral hepatitis. Primers used for PCR or nested PCR were derived from the NS-5 region. On the other hand, no amplification was detected using primers derived from the 5'-NCR (G-146F, G-401R). We performed TA cloning and sequencing of 5 amplified fragments, and their sequences were compared with those of foreign isolates of HGV. The phylogenetic analysis using MegAlign programme of DNAstar has shown that the Korean isolates are clustered on the phylogenetic tree. In summary, we confirmed the hepatitis G virus infection in 5 cases out of 12 patients showing the symptoms of viral hepatitis. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences of 5 amplified fragments showed that their relations to each other were closer than those to the foreign HGV isolates reported.
Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Complementary ; GB virus C* ; Hand ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral

A 66-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital due to her right breast cancer. Preoperative breast MRI shows 1.9 cm malignancy on her right breast (cT1N0M0) and incidentally found osteosclerotic change of left coststernoclavicular region. Bone scintigraphy showed hot uptake and the possibility of bone metastasis was not excluded. However, because the bone metastasis is not common in early stage cancer and the costosternoclavicular region is not common site, other possibility should be considered. SAPHO syndrome can be diagnosed even in the absence of dermatosis when there is an axial or appendicular osteitis and hyperostosis, especially in costosternoclavicular region. Though breast imaging specialists are not accustomed to this disease entity, awareness and diagnosis of the SAPHO syndrome can help differentiate bone metastasis.
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome* ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperostosis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Osteitis ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Skin Diseases ; Specialization

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) may cause emotional distress and impairs the quality of life (QoL) in children and their families. OBJECTIVE: We examined family QoL of children with AD and explored associated factors such as disease severity and psychosocial factors among parents of children with AD. METHODS: Study participants were 78 children (1 month to 16 years old) diagnosed with AD and their parents visiting an outpatient clinic of the Department of Pediatrics in Inha University Hospital. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical record review. Parents completed the Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire (DFI), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Korean Parenting Stress Index. For children aged below 6-year-old, parents were asked to complete the Infants' Dermatologic Quality of Life. SCOring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 Generic Core Scale were also completed. RESULTS: The mean age of parents and children were 37.4 ± 5.3 years and 65.1 ± 45.7 months, respectively. Among them, 87.2% of parents were mothers and 60.3% of children were boys. The mean score of DFI was 11.2 ± 6.0. The mean SCORAD score was 28.3 ± 16.1. Family who experienced strong negative emotionality had a 3.8 times higher probability of experiencing a lower QoL than parents who did not (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; p = 0.041). Family of children with higher severity of AD had a 6.6 times (OR, 6.55; p = 0.018) higher probability of experiencing a low family QoL than their less-severe counterparts. Families of girls with AD had a lower QoL (OR, 8.40; p = 0.003) than families of boys. CONCLUSION: Family QoL among parents of children with AD was low and associated with parent’s psychosocial characteristics as well as disease severity of the children. Considering parental involvement in AD management for children, emotional support for parents can be helpful in long journey of disease management.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Appointments and Schedules ; Child ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dermatology ; Disease Management ; Female ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents ; Pediatrics ; Psychology ; Quality of Life ; Stress, Psychological

BACKGROUND: We compared vaccinia virus shedding from the vaccine inoculation site (vaccination lesion) and two sites of a dressing covering the vaccination site; the outer surface of the semipermeable dressing (outer surface) and the inner surface of the semipermeable dressing, that is, the surface of a folded gauze under the semipermeable membrane (gauze surface) MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were recruited from the volunteers who participated in a clinical trial of the efficacy of a 1:10 dilution of Lancy-Vaxina? (Berna Biotech, Switzerland), and were seen every 2-3 days (days 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15 after smallpox vaccination) for scheduled dressing changes. Swab specimens were obtained from the vaccination lesion, the outer surface, and the gauze surface. Quantitative viral culture assays for these specimens were done. RESULTS: Vaccinia virus was recovered from 126 (81%) of the 156 vaccination lesion samples collected from the 40 participants. A high virus titer was recovered from the vaccination lesion (geometric mean titer (log10)=3.91 on day 8). Of the 39 swab samples obtained from the gauze surface of the gauze, 16 (41%) were positive for virus. An intermediate titer was recovered from the gauze surface (geometric mean titer (log10)=0.91 on day 8). Of the 133 swab samples obtained from the outer surface, only one (0.8%) was positive for vaccinia. No virus was recovered from the outer surface on day 8. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the addition of a semipermeable dressing to the folded gauze further reduces viral shedding and therefore increases protection.
Bandages* ; Membranes ; Smallpox* ; Vaccination* ; Vaccinia virus* ; Vaccinia* ; Viral Load ; Virus Shedding ; Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Small round structured virus (SRSV) is one of the common etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis in childhood. However, SRSV has not easily been detected in many diarrheal outbreaks. Therefore, we experienced simultaneous outbreak of SRSV enteritis in two elementary schools, therefore, we analyzed the result of the surveillance. METHODS: We interviewed the pupil of two schools and questioned their demographic data, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, contact with symptomatic persons within the last two weeks, and dietary history within the last one week in school. The specimens of the symptomatic pupil were collected for identification of bacteria (Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, E.coli O157 : H7) and viruses (Norwalk agent, SRSV, adenovirus, and astrovirus). RESULTS: The number of symptomatic patients was 193 (193/2843, 6.8%) and the distribution of symptom onset was unipolar. Frequent symptoms of the patients were abdominal pain (176/193, 91.2%), headache (111/193, 57.5%), vomiting (102/193, 52.8%), diarrhea (83/ 193, 43.0%), febrile sense (79/193, 40.9%), nausea (73/193, 37.8%), chilling (49/193, 25.4%), and tenesmus (8/193, 4.1%). We identified SRSV in 9 cases by PCR method, and analyzed the RNA polymerase gene by DNA sequencing; 2 genogroup (Genogroup I, II) and 3 genotype. CONCLUSION: We confirmed SRSV enteritis with different genotypes in two concurrent outbreaks. DNA sequencing and comparison of genotype among the isolated SRSV in near future are be necessary
Abdominal Pain ; Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; DNA* ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases ; Enteritis ; Gastroenteritis* ; Genotype ; Headache ; Humans ; Nausea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pupil ; Salmonella ; Sequence Analysis, DNA* ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: We compared vaccinia virus shedding from the vaccine inoculation site (vaccination lesion) and two sites of a dressing covering the vaccination site; the outer surface of the semipermeable dressing (outer surface) and the inner surface of the semipermeable dressing, that is, the surface of a folded gauze under the semipermeable membrane (gauze surface) MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were recruited from the volunteers who participated in a clinical trial of the efficacy of a 1:10 dilution of Lancy-Vaxina? (Berna Biotech, Switzerland), and were seen every 2-3 days (days 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15 after smallpox vaccination) for scheduled dressing changes. Swab specimens were obtained from the vaccination lesion, the outer surface, and the gauze surface. Quantitative viral culture assays for these specimens were done. RESULTS: Vaccinia virus was recovered from 126 (81%) of the 156 vaccination lesion samples collected from the 40 participants. A high virus titer was recovered from the vaccination lesion (geometric mean titer (log10)=3.91 on day 8). Of the 39 swab samples obtained from the gauze surface of the gauze, 16 (41%) were positive for virus. An intermediate titer was recovered from the gauze surface (geometric mean titer (log10)=0.91 on day 8). Of the 133 swab samples obtained from the outer surface, only one (0.8%) was positive for vaccinia. No virus was recovered from the outer surface on day 8. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the addition of a semipermeable dressing to the folded gauze further reduces viral shedding and therefore increases protection.
Bandages* ; Membranes ; Smallpox* ; Vaccination* ; Vaccinia virus* ; Vaccinia* ; Viral Load ; Virus Shedding ; Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Small round structured virus (SRSV) is one of the common etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis in childhood. However, SRSV has not easily been detected in many diarrheal outbreaks. Therefore, we experienced simultaneous outbreak of SRSV enteritis in two elementary schools, therefore, we analyzed the result of the surveillance. METHODS: We interviewed the pupil of two schools and questioned their demographic data, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, contact with symptomatic persons within the last two weeks, and dietary history within the last one week in school. The specimens of the symptomatic pupil were collected for identification of bacteria (Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, E.coli O157 : H7) and viruses (Norwalk agent, SRSV, adenovirus, and astrovirus). RESULTS: The number of symptomatic patients was 193 (193/2843, 6.8%) and the distribution of symptom onset was unipolar. Frequent symptoms of the patients were abdominal pain (176/193, 91.2%), headache (111/193, 57.5%), vomiting (102/193, 52.8%), diarrhea (83/ 193, 43.0%), febrile sense (79/193, 40.9%), nausea (73/193, 37.8%), chilling (49/193, 25.4%), and tenesmus (8/193, 4.1%). We identified SRSV in 9 cases by PCR method, and analyzed the RNA polymerase gene by DNA sequencing; 2 genogroup (Genogroup I, II) and 3 genotype. CONCLUSION: We confirmed SRSV enteritis with different genotypes in two concurrent outbreaks. DNA sequencing and comparison of genotype among the isolated SRSV in near future are be necessary
Abdominal Pain ; Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; DNA* ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases ; Enteritis ; Gastroenteritis* ; Genotype ; Headache ; Humans ; Nausea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pupil ; Salmonella ; Sequence Analysis, DNA* ; Vomiting