Choledocholithiasis carries a risk of developing biliary obstruction, acute cholangitis, and pancreatitis. Therefore, removal is recommended even in asymptomatic patients. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is regarded as the standard of treatment for choledocholithiasis nowadays. However, ERCP can accompany severe complications such as bleeding, ERCP-associated pancreatitis, cholangitis, and perforations. It is important for endoscopists to know how to remove choledocholithiasis effectively while minimizing adverse events. In this review, we will go over the technical aspects and various accessories to effectively remove choledocholithiasis.

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) demonstrates the anatomy of the urinary system and is used to detect the presence/absence of vesicoureteral reflux. It is the most important modality for urological fluoroscopic examination in children. For improved patient care, it is important to understand and perform VCUG appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth review of VCUG protocols and techniques has been presented herein. In addition, tips, tricks, and pitfalls associated with the technique have also been addressed.

Undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UC-OGC) is uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all pancreatic carcinomas. We report a case of a 39-year-old man with undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells who underwent successful surgical resection and chemotherapy.