Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is an active area of drug development as a highly specific and highly potent therapeutic modality that can be applied to many types of late-stage cancers. In order to properly evaluate its safety and efficacy, understanding biokinetics of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is essential. Quantitative imaging of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is often possible via imaging of gammas and positrons produced during complex decay chains of these radionuclides. Analysis of the complex decay chains for alpha-emitting radionuclides (Tb-149, At-211, Bi-212 (decayed from Pb-212), Bi-213, Ra-223, Ac- 225, and Th-227) with relevance to imageable signals is attempted in this mini-review article. Gamma camera imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, bremsstrahlung radiation imaging, Cerenkov luminescence imaging, and Compton cameras are briefly discussed as modalities for imaging alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals.

Objectives: De-identifying protected health information (PHI) in medical documents is important, and a prerequisite to deidentification is the identification of PHI entity names in clinical documents. This study aimed to compare the performance of three pre-training models that have recently attracted significant attention and to determine which model is more suitable for PHI recognition. Methods: We compared the PHI recognition performance of deep learning models using the i2b2 2014 dataset. We used the three pre-training models—namely, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), robustly optimized BERT pre-training approach (RoBERTa), and XLNet (model built based on Transformer-XL)—to detect PHI. After the dataset was tokenized, it was processed using an inside-outside-beginning tagging scheme and WordPiecetokenized to place it into these models. Further, the PHI recognition performance was investigated using BERT, RoBERTa, and XLNet. Results: Comparing the PHI recognition performance of the three models, it was confirmed that XLNet had a superior F1-score of 96.29%. In addition, when checking PHI entity performance evaluation, RoBERTa and XLNet showed a 30% improvement in performance compared to BERT. Conclusions Among the pre-training models used in this study, XLNet exhibited superior performance because word embedding was well constructed using the two-stream self-attention method. In addition, compared to BERT, RoBERTa and XLNet showed superior performance, indicating that they were more effective in grasping the context.

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is an active area of drug development as a highly specific and highly potent therapeutic modality that can be applied to many types of late-stage cancers. In order to properly evaluate its safety and efficacy, understanding biokinetics of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is essential. Quantitative imaging of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is often possible via imaging of gammas and positrons produced during complex decay chains of these radionuclides. Analysis of the complex decay chains for alpha-emitting radionuclides (Tb-149, At-211, Bi-212 (decayed from Pb-212), Bi-213, Ra-223, Ac- 225, and Th-227) with relevance to imageable signals is attempted in this mini-review article. Gamma camera imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, bremsstrahlung radiation imaging, Cerenkov luminescence imaging, and Compton cameras are briefly discussed as modalities for imaging alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals.
Electrons ; Luminescence ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Radioisotopes ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Radiometals, with their favorable decay properties and rich coordination chemistry, have found widespread applications inboth diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. To ensure effective utilization, radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals are designed to target specific organs or cells. Radiometals are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors using stable isotopes as raw materials. Many countries, including Korea, are pursuing self-sufficiency in radiometal production at thegovernment level. This review examines the current production and supply status of raw materials for key radiometalsthat are either actively used or expected to see a significant demand growth in the future in Korea.

Radiometals, with their favorable decay properties and rich coordination chemistry, have found widespread applications inboth diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. To ensure effective utilization, radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals are designed to target specific organs or cells. Radiometals are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors using stable isotopes as raw materials. Many countries, including Korea, are pursuing self-sufficiency in radiometal production at thegovernment level. This review examines the current production and supply status of raw materials for key radiometalsthat are either actively used or expected to see a significant demand growth in the future in Korea.

Radiometals, with their favorable decay properties and rich coordination chemistry, have found widespread applications inboth diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. To ensure effective utilization, radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals are designed to target specific organs or cells. Radiometals are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors using stable isotopes as raw materials. Many countries, including Korea, are pursuing self-sufficiency in radiometal production at thegovernment level. This review examines the current production and supply status of raw materials for key radiometalsthat are either actively used or expected to see a significant demand growth in the future in Korea.

Radiometals, with their favorable decay properties and rich coordination chemistry, have found widespread applications inboth diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. To ensure effective utilization, radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals are designed to target specific organs or cells. Radiometals are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors using stable isotopes as raw materials. Many countries, including Korea, are pursuing self-sufficiency in radiometal production at thegovernment level. This review examines the current production and supply status of raw materials for key radiometalsthat are either actively used or expected to see a significant demand growth in the future in Korea.

Radiometals, with their favorable decay properties and rich coordination chemistry, have found widespread applications inboth diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. To ensure effective utilization, radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals are designed to target specific organs or cells. Radiometals are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors using stable isotopes as raw materials. Many countries, including Korea, are pursuing self-sufficiency in radiometal production at thegovernment level. This review examines the current production and supply status of raw materials for key radiometalsthat are either actively used or expected to see a significant demand growth in the future in Korea.

Objective: Emergency physicians experience difficulty in determining the disposition of patients with elevated troponin I levels using emergency room tests. In this study, we aimed to investigate factors that could discriminate between the occurrence of type 1 myocardial infarction (T1MI) and type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) in patients with elevated troponin I levels. Methods: Patients admitted to the emergency department between January 1, 2017 and June 30, 2017 with elevated troponin I levels who underwent subsequent cardiac biomarker testing were included. Samples for baseline blood tests, such as cardiac biomarker levels, were collected within approximately 10 minutes of admission. Electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, and percutaneous coronary intervention results were retrospectively examined via patient report and chart reviews. Results: During the study period, 169 of 234 (72%) patients were diagnosed with T2MI and 65 (28%) were diagnosed with T1MI. Among various factors, typical chest pain (odds ratio [OR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 13.24; P=0.008), high troponin I levels (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.90; P<0.001), high cholesterol (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02; P=0.008), and low D-dimer levels (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.98; P=0.027) were significantly associated with T1MI incidence. Conclusion Our findings in this study indicate that typical chest pain, high levels of troponin I and cholesterol, and low levels of D-dimer were associated with the diagnosis of T1MI. Further studies are suggested to determine the cut-off values for accurate diagnosis of T1MI in the ED.