Obesity increases gastroesophageal reflux disease through several factors. As a result, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastroesophageal junctional gastric cancer are increasing. Existing studies usually defined obesity by body mass index and analyzed the correlation. Recently, more studies have shown that central obesity is a more important variable in upper gastrointestinal diseases related to gastroesophageal reflux. Studies have reported that weight loss is effective in reducing gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Obesity also affects functional gastrointestinal diseases. A significant correlation was shown in upper abdominal pain, reflux, vomiting, and diarrhea rather than lower abdominal diseases.

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Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*etiology ; Calcinosis/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*etiology ; Calcium/therapeutic use ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoparathyroidism/*complications/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; Vitamin D/therapeutic use

Endoscopic treatment for obesity, especially intragastric balloon insertion, is on the rise in Korea. From 2016 to 2019, we performed intragastric balloon placement for the treatment of obesity in 12 patients at a single tertiary center. One balloon was removed on the next day due to nausea and severe abdominal pain, and the remaining 11 patients were followed up for 6 months. Body weight reduction of 8.9±5.4 kg was achieved, and the body mass index was reduced by 3.3±2.0 kg/m2. Significant effects regarding total body weight loss and excess weight loss were noted. The effect of weight reduction was greatest within 1 month after the procedure. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased by 18.0±18.2 mg/dL, but there were no significant changes in blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Common adverse events were nausea and epigastric pain, but no serious adverse events occurred. Further studies regarding the long-term effects of endoscopic treatment for obesity and the improvement of metabolic syndrome are needed.

Endoscopic treatment for obesity, especially intragastric balloon insertion, is on the rise in Korea. From 2016 to 2019, we performed intragastric balloon placement for the treatment of obesity in 12 patients at a single tertiary center. One balloon was removed on the next day due to nausea and severe abdominal pain, and the remaining 11 patients were followed up for 6 months. Body weight reduction of 8.9±5.4 kg was achieved, and the body mass index was reduced by 3.3±2.0 kg/m2. Significant effects regarding total body weight loss and excess weight loss were noted. The effect of weight reduction was greatest within 1 month after the procedure. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased by 18.0±18.2 mg/dL, but there were no significant changes in blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Common adverse events were nausea and epigastric pain, but no serious adverse events occurred. Further studies regarding the long-term effects of endoscopic treatment for obesity and the improvement of metabolic syndrome are needed.

Bezoars, including phytobezoars, trichobezoars, and pharmacobezoars, are accumulations of undigested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. We report three cases of gastric bezoars. Case 1: An 86-year-old woman presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric bezoars; consumption of 2 L of cola daily for 2 weeks resulted in complete disappearance of the bezoars. Case 2: An asymptomatic 63-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a gastric bezoar. Cola spraying and endoscopic lithotomy were ineffective; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic removal of the bezoar for management of small bowel obstruction secondary to the bezoar fragments. Case 3: A 6-year-old girl with a history of pica underwent two laparoscopic surgeries 10 months apart for recurrent trichobezoars. We report our treatment approach in three patients who presented with gastric bezoars.

Bezoars, including phytobezoars, trichobezoars, and pharmacobezoars, are accumulations of undigested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. We report three cases of gastric bezoars. Case 1: An 86-year-old woman presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric bezoars; consumption of 2 L of cola daily for 2 weeks resulted in complete disappearance of the bezoars. Case 2: An asymptomatic 63-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a gastric bezoar. Cola spraying and endoscopic lithotomy were ineffective; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic removal of the bezoar for management of small bowel obstruction secondary to the bezoar fragments. Case 3: A 6-year-old girl with a history of pica underwent two laparoscopic surgeries 10 months apart for recurrent trichobezoars. We report our treatment approach in three patients who presented with gastric bezoars.

Bezoars, including phytobezoars, trichobezoars, and pharmacobezoars, are accumulations of undigested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. We report three cases of gastric bezoars. Case 1: An 86-year-old woman presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric bezoars; consumption of 2 L of cola daily for 2 weeks resulted in complete disappearance of the bezoars. Case 2: An asymptomatic 63-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a gastric bezoar. Cola spraying and endoscopic lithotomy were ineffective; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic removal of the bezoar for management of small bowel obstruction secondary to the bezoar fragments. Case 3: A 6-year-old girl with a history of pica underwent two laparoscopic surgeries 10 months apart for recurrent trichobezoars. We report our treatment approach in three patients who presented with gastric bezoars.

Bezoars, including phytobezoars, trichobezoars, and pharmacobezoars, are accumulations of undigested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. We report three cases of gastric bezoars. Case 1: An 86-year-old woman presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric bezoars; consumption of 2 L of cola daily for 2 weeks resulted in complete disappearance of the bezoars. Case 2: An asymptomatic 63-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a gastric bezoar. Cola spraying and endoscopic lithotomy were ineffective; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic removal of the bezoar for management of small bowel obstruction secondary to the bezoar fragments. Case 3: A 6-year-old girl with a history of pica underwent two laparoscopic surgeries 10 months apart for recurrent trichobezoars. We report our treatment approach in three patients who presented with gastric bezoars.