Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death attributable to cancer in women. In view of the limitations of conventional predictable factors of the breast cancer, additional second-generation parameters would be valuable in selecting the patients who would be most likely to be beneficial from adjuvant therapy and breast reconstruction. The author investigated the HER2/neu gene amplification and the number of chromosome 17 in 39 cases of paraffin embedded breast cancer tissues, 20 cases without lymph node metastasis and 19 cases with lymph node metastasis, using fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) and compared the results with HER2/neu and p 53 protein expression detected by immunohistochemical method. Eleven cases fibroadenoma were used as benign tumor control. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 were found in 17 out 39 breast cancer cases (44%)(monosomy in 10 cases, 26%; trisomy in 3 cases, 8%; tetrasomy in 3 cases, 8%; polysomy in 1 case ,3%), and the frequency of each type aberration was not significantly different between the negative and positive groups in lymph node metastasis. Monosomy of chromosome 17 was found in 2 out of 11(12%) fibroadenoma cases. HER2/neu gene amplification was found in 8 out of 39 cases (19%) and other 2 cases revealed HER2/neu gene amplification in lymph node metastatic tumor only, not in original tumor. Fourteen out of 19 cases of breast cancer with lymph metastasis showed HER2/neu protein expression both in original and metastatic tumors. All of the six cases showing HER2/neu gene amplification in original and/or metastatic tumor revealed HER2/neu protein expression. The frequency of HER2/neu gene amplification in the 39 breast cancer cases was not different between metastatic and non-metastatic groups(p= 0.284). However, HER2/neu protein expression was increased significantly in the metastatic group(p=0.028). None of the 11 fibroadenoma cases revealed HER2/neu gene amplification or HER2/ neu protein expression. Nine out of 19 cases of breast cancer with lymph node metastasis showed p 53 protein accumulation in original tumor(47%), but 3 of them revealed p 53 protein accumulation only in original tumor. The frequency of p 53 protein accumulation was not significantly different between metastatic and non-metastatic groups. None of the 11 fibroadenoma cases revealed p 53 protein accumulation. In conclusion, there are no differences between the lymph node metastatic group and non-metastatic groups in numerical aberrations of the chromosome 17 , amplification of the HER2/neu gene expression and accumulation of the p 53 protein in breast cancer. However, the HER2/neu protein expression was increased significantly in lymph node metastatic group, so it could be one of the predictors of the metastasis in breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cause of Death ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17* ; Female ; Fibroadenoma ; Gene Amplification* ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mammaplasty ; Monosomy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paraffin ; Tetrasomy ; Trisomy

Torsades de pointes is characterized by paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia at rates typically greater than 200 beats/min in which QRS morphology shows alternating polarity in an undulating pattern so that the complexes appear to be twisting about the beseline;this arrhythmia is virtually always associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Its importance lies not in its unusual structure but in the potentially fatal outcome if conventional treatment is administred. Torsades de pointes was diagnosed in 4 patients;the first with hypokalemia, the second with congenital QT prolongation syndrome, the third with amiodarone, the fourth with organophosphorous and hypokalemia. Treatment of these patients consisted of potassium supply, isoproterenol, lidocaine, phenobarbital, tenormin, phenytoin, cardioversion, atropine. Three patients improved successfully, but one patient died, as a direct result of the ensuing ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest on one hour after admission.
Amiodarone ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Atenolol ; Atropine ; Electric Countershock ; Fatal Outcome ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypokalemia ; Isoproterenol ; Lidocaine ; Phenobarbital ; Phenytoin ; Potassium ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Torsades de Pointes* ; Ventricular Fibrillation

No abstract available.
Cryotherapy* ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous* ; Metronidazole*

No abstract available.
Myiasis*

The orbital varices are rare venous malformation of the orbit. These lesions typically present in childhood or adolescence with mild to moderate proptosis that increase on crying, coughing, jugular vein compression, and Vasalva's maneuver. Barely, orbital varices are associated with venous malformations outside the orbit: the buccal mucosa(the uvula, the soft palate, and the hard palate), in the upper and lower limbs, in the side of the neck, and in the face and head. Diagnosis is made by clinical findings, simple skull X-ray, and orbital venography. Recently, orbital C-T scanning gives some beneficials in diagnosis for orbital varices. The authors experienced a case of the orbital varix with varix in the buccal mucosa. So, the brief literature of the orbital varix was reviewed.
Adolescent ; Cough ; Crying ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Head ; Humans ; Jugular Veins ; Lower Extremity ; Mouth Mucosa* ; Neck ; Orbit* ; Palate, Soft ; Phlebography ; Skull ; Uvula ; Varicose Veins*

The orbital varices are rare venous malformation of the orbit. These lesions typically present in childhood or adolescence with mild to moderate proptosis that increase on crying, coughing, jugular vein compression, and Vasalva's maneuver. Barely, orbital varices are associated with venous malformations outside the orbit: the buccal mucosa(the uvula, the soft palate, and the hard palate), in the upper and lower limbs, in the side of the neck, and in the face and head. Diagnosis is made by clinical findings, simple skull X-ray, and orbital venography. Recently, orbital C-T scanning gives some beneficials in diagnosis for orbital varices. The authors experienced a case of the orbital varix with varix in the buccal mucosa. So, the brief literature of the orbital varix was reviewed.
Adolescent ; Cough ; Crying ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Head ; Humans ; Jugular Veins ; Lower Extremity ; Mouth Mucosa* ; Neck ; Orbit* ; Palate, Soft ; Phlebography ; Skull ; Uvula ; Varicose Veins*

No abstract available.
Hyperplasia*

Radiation therapy is one of most important therapeutic modalities for thoracic malignancies. However, radiation-induced lung damage, such as radiation pneumonitis or fibrosis, is a main dose-limiting factor when irradiating the thorax. The radiation over threshold dose results in damage to pneumocytes and endothelial cells and the inflammatory changes following the damage lead to necrosis of damaged tissue, which are then replaced by fibrotic tissue. There is diffuse lung damage and edema on histopathologic inspection; however, the tissue damage and edema is not specific for radiation injury and we are far from a reliable pathogenic model. Many parameters have been evaluated for predicting radiation pneumonitis and the most consistent predictor is cumulative radiation dose to normal lung tissue. The combination of chemotherapy probably increases the incidence and severity of radiation pneumonitis; however, this is not clear. Efforts to reduce the radiation dose to normal lung tissue using new radiotherapy techniques can reduce the incidence and severity of radiationinduced lung damage. Many biological agents have been tried to prevent and treat radiation pneumonitis; however, more data is needed
Biological Agents ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Fibrosis ; Incidence ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Necrosis ; Pneumocytes ; Radiation Injuries ; Radiation Pneumonitis ; Thorax

No abstract available.
Animals ; Burns* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Frontal Sinus*