We reviewed clinically the 56 patients, who had anterior interbody fusion of the cervical spine due to various causes, from 1975 to 1984. The result of the studies are as follows; 1. Inawaisting sign of the grafted level is the one of the most important prognostic factors which indicates the favorable fusion. 2. The mechanism of the inwaisting sign is not confirmed, however plausible explanation is the flexure drift law, which cause the inwaisting phenomena. 3. The time of clinical, radiological union and the appearance of the inwaisting sign of the grafted bone in the fusion of the lower cervical spine are displayed earlier than in the upper cervical spine. 4. Fusion at the one level is obtained one or two weeks earlier than the two level fusion. At the two level fusion, one large bone block operation achieved the earlier bony union than the two separate bone blocks fusion; it could shorten the fusion time by 4 weeks radiologically, although there were no significant difference in clinical aspect and inwaisting sign. 5. In the anterior interbody fusion of the cervical spine, clinical fusion took place in 6–7 weeks, and radiological one in 10-14 weeks after the fusion operation. And it was not influenced by the type of injury or neurological complications. The inwaisting sign appeared from the 4th to 7th week postoperatively. 6. There are no problems in the case of posterior instability initially. The reason is that we have performed the cervical traction and absolute bed rest for 4 to 6 weeks before the anterior interbody fusion in order to take the healing of the poterior ligament complex.
Bed Rest ; Clinical Study ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Ligaments ; Spine ; Traction ; Transplants

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is the most common fracture of the elbow in children. Early accurate reduction is very important to obtain good results. Authors tried to reduce the fracture accurately under the concept of intact hinge mechanism. Forty-five displaced supracondylar fractures which were not able to be reduced by closed method were admitted for open reduction at our department from April 1981 to October 1985. They were analysed clinically. The result are as follows: 1. The patient age ranged from 3 to 14 years; 16.2% were between 7 and 8 years. 70.3% were boys Left humerus was affected in 70.3% of all cases. 2. The most common cause of fracture was falling down from height. 94.6% of fractures were extension type. The severity of displacement in 34 patients(90.2%) were grade III or 1V of Holmberg classification. 3. Only in 2 patients cubitus varus deformity was observed as residua and among the patients who were followed more than one year, only 2 had about 10 degrees of limitation of elbow motion. 4. In Holmberg's grade II, III, IV group, 22 cases(100.0%) of the both side pinned and 12 cases (80.0%) of one side pinned showed excellent or good results. Therefore, both side pinning could have contributed in obtaining more accurate reduction. 5. According to Mitchell and Adams' Criteria, 34 cases(91.9%) had satisfactory results.
Accidental Falls ; Child ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Elbow ; Humans ; Humerus ; Methods

The purpose of this study was to test psychometric properties Health-Related Hardiness Scale(HRHS) for Korean elderly. HRHS has been developed by Pollock to measure the effect of hardiness in individuals with actual health problems. Items were generated to measure dimensions based on theoretical definitions of health-related control, commitment, and challenge. In 1990, Pollcok and Duffy revised HRHS to be 34 items. In this study, 34-item HRHS(Pollock & Duffy, 1990) was translated into Korean and administered to 193 elderly involving in 95 hospitalized patients and 98 outpatients or healthy people. The subjects were 80 women and 112 men with an age range of 65 to 95 years(M=71 years) in whom 82.6% classified themselves as moderate or pretty active. Most subjects(80.2%) had education of elementary school or less. The 34-item HRHS consists of three subscales: control, commitment, and challenge, and was measured with 1(strongly disagree) to 6(strongly agree) Likert scale. The higher the score is, the higher people's hardiness. Factor analysis was performed to confirm whether the scale represents three sub-areas as suggested in the literature. Two factors were isolated, using principle components analysis. Two factor solution was accepted for the study since Pollock described the possibility of classifying sub-areas into two divisions. These two factors, commitment/challenge and control accounted for 31.9% of variance of the scale. Factor loadings were string, ranging from .41 to .77. The moderate correlation with task self-efficacy scale also supported the validity(r=.35, p<.05). The scale was found to be internally consistent, showing Cronbanch;s alpha of .90 for the total items with the range of .82 and .90 for three subscales. The findings revealed the potential applicability of HRHS to nursing intervention studies for elderly.
Aged* ; Clinical Trial ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Clinical Trial ; Male ; Nursing ; Outpatients ; Psychometrics*

No abstract available.
Chronic Disease ; Glycemic Index

BACKGROUND: Horner's syndrome, including ptosis and miosis, is a sign of success following stellate ganglion block (SGB). However, it is not sufficient to ensure adequate sympathetic block to the upper extremity. There are numerous recommended local anesthetic volumes for SGB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of differing volumes used in SGB on the elevation of skin temperature of ipsilateral upper extremity, and to find the volume required to elevate skin temperature most frequently. METHODS: Patients with sensory neural hearing loss underwent SGB, repeated daily in the paratracheal approach using different volumes (6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 ml) of 0.2% bupivacaine. Skin temperatures were checked in the hypothenar area before SGB, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 15 minutes following SGB. Time intervals required for the elevation of skin temperature 1oC above the preblock level, and for the appearance of Horner's syndrome were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients repeatedly received SGB over 4 times at different volumes. The total SGB was 100 times, and all displayed Horner's syndrome. The total incidence of skin temperature elevation was 48%. Horner's syndrome appeared prior to the elevation of skin temperature (2.0 2.1 vs 5.3 3.8 min). There were significant differences in the incidence of skin temperature elevation, depending on the volume of the local anesthetics; 6 ml (17.6%), 8 ml (34.8%), 10 ml (52.2%), 12 ml (73.9%) and 16 ml (57.1%); greater volumes resulted in high incidences (pearson chi-square test, P = 0.005). The volume of twelve ml resulted in the highest incidence. Each patient needed different minimal volume to lead to the skin temperature elevation; 6 ml (13.1%), 8 ml (21.7%), 10 ml (17.4%), 12 ml (26.1%) and 16 ml (4.4%), and several patients (17.4%) did not have elevated skin temperature at any volumes. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that a large volume of local anesthetic (e.g. 12 ml) is needed in SGB for adequate sympathetic blockade to the upper extremity, and that each patient needs a different minimal volume for the skin temperature elevation to occur.
Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine ; Hearing Loss ; Horner Syndrome ; Humans ; Incidence ; Miosis ; Skin Temperature* ; Skin* ; Stellate Ganglion* ; Upper Extremity*

BACKGROUND: Horner's syndrome, including ptosis and miosis, is a sign of success following stellate ganglion block (SGB). However, it is not sufficient to ensure adequate sympathetic block to the upper extremity. There are numerous recommended local anesthetic volumes for SGB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of differing volumes used in SGB on the elevation of skin temperature of ipsilateral upper extremity, and to find the volume required to elevate skin temperature most frequently. METHODS: Patients with sensory neural hearing loss underwent SGB, repeated daily in the paratracheal approach using different volumes (6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 ml) of 0.2% bupivacaine. Skin temperatures were checked in the hypothenar area before SGB, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 15 minutes following SGB. Time intervals required for the elevation of skin temperature 1oC above the preblock level, and for the appearance of Horner's syndrome were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients repeatedly received SGB over 4 times at different volumes. The total SGB was 100 times, and all displayed Horner's syndrome. The total incidence of skin temperature elevation was 48%. Horner's syndrome appeared prior to the elevation of skin temperature (2.0 2.1 vs 5.3 3.8 min). There were significant differences in the incidence of skin temperature elevation, depending on the volume of the local anesthetics; 6 ml (17.6%), 8 ml (34.8%), 10 ml (52.2%), 12 ml (73.9%) and 16 ml (57.1%); greater volumes resulted in high incidences (pearson chi-square test, P = 0.005). The volume of twelve ml resulted in the highest incidence. Each patient needed different minimal volume to lead to the skin temperature elevation; 6 ml (13.1%), 8 ml (21.7%), 10 ml (17.4%), 12 ml (26.1%) and 16 ml (4.4%), and several patients (17.4%) did not have elevated skin temperature at any volumes. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that a large volume of local anesthetic (e.g. 12 ml) is needed in SGB for adequate sympathetic blockade to the upper extremity, and that each patient needs a different minimal volume for the skin temperature elevation to occur.
Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine ; Hearing Loss ; Horner Syndrome ; Humans ; Incidence ; Miosis ; Skin Temperature* ; Skin* ; Stellate Ganglion* ; Upper Extremity*

No abstract available.
Breast Diseases* ; Breast*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Skin*

No abstract available.

We herein report a case of occupational contact urticaria syndrome induced by cefotiam di-hydrochloride in a nurse. She had generalized pruritic wheals accompanied by palpitations and tachypnea during the preparation of cefotiam solution. A scratch patch test with cefotiam di-hydrochloride, a major component of cefotiam ingredient showed multiple erythema and wheals within 5 minutes, accompanied by palpitations and tachypnea. No delayed type reaction was observed. Based on her clinical history and scratch test result, we diagnosed her condition as contact urticaria syndrome caused by cefotiam.
Cefotiam* ; Erythema ; Patch Tests ; Tachypnea ; Urticaria*