The purpose of this study was to find educational needs of toddler's mother in child-caring experience. The subject of the study was toddler's mother who visited one health care center in J city for immunization and had a child or children between twelve and thirty six months old. The subjects were 37 mothers. The instrument used for this study was a semi-structured questionnaire developed by researcher and based on Objective Content Test of Garretson(1967). The Collected data were analized by two researchers using the method of content Analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) Of the large categories, the need of the highest frequency was 'prevention and management of disease and injury', that of the lowest 'growth and development'. 2) In 'physical care' category, 'care of sleeping' was the highest. In 'nutrition and eating-habitual management' category, 'weaning management' was the highest. In 'prevention and management of disease and injury' category, 'disease management' was the highest. In 'discipline and teaching' category, 'discipline' was the highest. 3) In comparison with preceding references, the educational needs of child-caring which had not been shown in preceding references but had been shown in this study were hair-caring, kind of weaning diet, method of cure and nursing, management of deformity, and so on. In conclusion, educational needs of toddler's mother in child-caring experience were matter-of-fact and inclusive. Needs in management of special situation such as disease were higher than usual parenting procedure or method. In addition, there were higher needs in questions happened through child-caring experience or confirmation of procedures practicing now. Then, it is suggested that parent education program should be developed on the basis of educational needs found in this study to be more effective in preparing mothers's child-caring.
Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diet ; Education ; Humans ; Immunization ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parenting ; Parents ; Weaning ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The effect of androgen in the development of the normal prostate and the evolution of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatic adenocarcinoma has been proven. In addition to androgen, estrogen and progesterone are also thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and carcinoma. However, their exact roles are not yet known because there is no conclusive evidence. Thirty cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of BPH were studied. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in epithelial and stromal cells, respectively was performed and the results were assessed semiquantitatively based on the number of positive cells per 100 total cells. Slides were scored as negative; less than 5% of cells, 1 ; 6~15% of cells, 2 ; 16~25% of cells, and 3 ; more than 26% of cells. The relationship between ER and PR expression and the patient's age, histologic grade, and clinical stage was evaluated in prostatic adenocarcinomas. ER was negative in epithelial and in stromal cells for all prostatic adenocarcinomas and BPH cases. The PR expression in epithelial cells and in stromal cells of BPH was noted in 15 (93.8%) and 16 (100.0%) out of 16, respectively. The PR expression of carcinoma cells and stromal cells in prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 28 (93.3%) and 23 out of 30 (76.7%), respectively. The PR immunoreactivities of stromal cells around carcinoma were 3 in 18 cases, 2 in one case, and 1 in 4 cases, but those of epithelial and stromal cells of BPH and carcinoma cells of prostatic carcinoma were similar to each other with a value of 3 in most cases. The PR expression rate of stromal cells around carcinoma was significantly correlated with the patient's age (p=0.044), but not with histologic grade and clinical stage. In summary, estrogen does not have a direct effect on the biological behavior of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma, but progesterone appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Further studies should clarify the biological role of progesterone in the human prostate.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Progesterone* ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and conduct an intensive education program on infection control and investigated how the program influenced nursing students' knowledge, attitude, and confidence in the infection control. METHODS: The program was conducted for four days between January 5 and 8, 2016, for seven hours per day. The program was conducted by the specialists in infectious diseases and the nurses specializing in infection, and the third year students enrolled in E University participated in the program. Knowledge, attitude, and confidence in infection control were measured before and after the program in the students that participated in the program and those who did not. The experimental group consisted of 33 students while the control group comprised 28 students. RESULTS: The two groups were found to be homogeneous before the education program. After four days of intensive education program, the experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in knowledge (t=2.02, p=.048), attitude (t=2.04, p=.045), and performance confidence (t=2.75, p=.008) in infection control when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that our intensive education program on hospital infection control was effective for the nursing students who will be professional nurses who will carry out autonomous roles in infection control in a near future.
Communicable Diseases ; Cross Infection* ; Education* ; Humans ; Infection Control* ; Nursing* ; Specialization ; Students, Nursing

No abstract available.
Curettage* ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic*

No Abstract Available.
Cicatrix* ; Cleft Lip* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Nose*

This study was prospectively conducted to investigate any relationship of nutritional status at the time of admission to length of hospital stay and mortality. All patients admitted to the Asan Medical Center between October 13 and November 12, 1997 who met the study criteria were included in the study. Patients were classified as Not-at-risk, At-risk I or At-risk II based on the levels of serum albumin and total lymphocyte count in a computerized nutrition screening program. Sixty three percent of the patients were classified as Not-at-risk Group, 29% as At-risk Group I and 8% as At-risk Group II. Significant correlation was observed between nutritional status and LOS (P<0.01) as well as mortality rate (P<0.05). The more the patient had the nutritional risk factors, the longer the LOS and the higher the mortality rate were. Further studies have to be done in order to demonstrate cost-effectiveness of medical therapy for the malnourished hospitalized patients.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Humans ; Length of Stay* ; Lymphocyte Count ; Mass Screening* ; Mortality* ; Nutritional Status* ; Prospective Studies* ; Risk Factors ; Serum Albumin

The cross-matching test, an essential pre-transfusion test, is usually performed using only a segment of a blood bag and a recipient's blood sample at a commercial laboratory. We analyzed cross-matching test results obtained at LabGenomics laboratory, client of which were mainly small- and medium-sized medical clinics. Data for a total of 12,902 cross-matching tests referred from January 2012 to December 2015 were analyzed for incompatibility in the results and trends based on the distribution of medical clinics. Medical clinics were categorized as nursing home, obstetrics and gynecology, plastic surgery, dental clinic, orthopedic surgery, and others. Incompatible results were observed for 35 cases (1.09%) in 2012, 22 cases (0.68%) in 2013, 31 cases (1.02%) in 2014, and 41 cases (1.20%) in 2015. Overall, 55.4% of referrals came from a nursing home, 6.4% from obstetrics and gynecology, 4.4% from plastic surgery, 20.0% from dental clinic, 5.9 % from orthopedic surgery, and 7.9% from others. Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of cross-matching test results and its relationship with transfusion requirements.
Dental Clinics ; Gynecology ; Nursing Homes ; Obstetrics ; Orthopedics ; Referral and Consultation ; Surgery, Plastic

This study was to find whether the educational program contributed to the increase of knowledge, confidence, and accuracy of behavior in newborn care of the primiparas. The educational program consists of individual lectures, demonstrations, discussion, and practice of newborn care. Also two telephone counseling with the subjects after they are discharged from hospital. This study is a quasi-experimental design using non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data collection was done from July 21 to Oct 4 in 1997. the subjects were selected from 2 general hospitals and 1 university hospital in C city. Subjects were 44 primiparas(control group 22, experimental group 22). they were tested on knowledge, confidence, and accuracy of behavior in newborn care. A pretest was done 2-3 years after vaginal delivery(5-6 days after c-sec delivery). A posttest was done 21-28 day(vaginal delivary, c-sec delivary) after delivery. The instruments used for this study were knowledge scale about newborn care developed by the researcher, Pharis' confidence scale modified by the researcher and accuracy of behavior scale developed by the researcher. Primiparas' knowledge and confidence was tested by questionnaire and Primiparas' accuracy of behavior was tested by structured observational method. Analysis of data was done by using of x2-test, t-test, paired t-test. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) Knowledge of the experimental group was significant higher than the control group(t=-4.94, P=.000). 2) Confidence of the experimental group was significant higher than the control group(t=-.262, P=.012). 3) Accuracy of behavior of the experimental group was significant higher than the control group(t=-.969, P=.000). In conclusion, the newborn care education along with intensive telephone counseling shows a significant promotion of newborn care in primiparas. Thus this program can be recommended as an intervention model for the newborn and primiparas.
Counseling ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Lectures ; Telephone

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the communication styles and nursing service satisfaction of clinical research nurses perceived by clinical subjects. METHODS: The data were collected with self-administrated questionnaires after receiving consents from 200 clinical trial subjects. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 statistic program. RESULTS: Clinical subjects perceived that clinical research nurses used the informative, affective, and non-authoritative communication styles. The study identified factors influencing the nursing service satisfaction, and they were the informative communication styles (β=.34, p<.001) and affective communication styles (β=.35, p<.001, R2=37%) by multiple linear regression. CONCLUSION: If educational programs on communication are developed to help clinical research nurses use the informative and affective communication styles according to the characteristics of subjects and applied to the field of practice, they will be able to increase the nursing service satisfaction and contribute to the higher quality of clinical trials.
Linear Models ; Nursing Services* ; Nursing*