There are a number of approaches in developing experimental models for depression. but there is no such thing as a best model for depressive syndrome. Animal models are subject to the obvious limitations inherent in the assumption that human psychopathology can be represented accurately in lower animals. Recently, the concern increasingly is to develop a variety of experimental paradigms in animal to study selected aspects of human psychopathology, and animal models should be understood as basically experimental preparations that are developed to carry out these objects. Therefore, a battery of a variety of animal models should be applied to permit detailed pathophysiological studies and to develop new antidepressant treatments. Animal models of depression basically consider behavioral isomorphism with the human depression a plus, but not a requirement, and the model behavior should be defined operationally in order to be reproduced reliably by other researchers and be responsive to those agents possessing demonstrated clinical efficacy in human depression. In conclusion, animal models of depression have played a significant role in elucidating pathophysiology of depression and developing current treatments for depression, but there is no single comprehensive model for depression until now. Each of the proposed animal model has its advantages and limitations. In other words, certain paradigms are suitable for studying certain phenomena, whereas others are more suitable for studying other aspects. The best model for depression depends upon what the question is.
Animals ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical* ; Psychopathology

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Hematuria*

No abstract available.
Hematuria*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver*

No abstract available.
Communicable Diseases*

No abstract available.

A clinical observation was made on patients of bladder rupture who were admitted to the Department of Urology, Chonnam University Medical School during the period from January, 1978 to June, 1982. The results are as followings: 1. Of 128 cases of genitourinary injury, there were bladder rupture in 32 cases, giving a rate of 24.2%. 2. The age group from third to fifth decade was the most favorable in age incidence, showing 59.4% of the total patients. 3. Traffic accident was the most frequent cause of the injury, observed in 9 cases (28.1% of all patients). Alcohol drinking was suggested to be related to the injury in 7 cases (21.9% of all patients). 4. Occurrence of intraperitoneal ruptures was three times more then that of extraperitoneal ruptures. 5. Retrograde cystography was the most useful and reliable method for diagnosis of bladder rupture, but there were falsely negative cystograms in two cases. 6. There were two cases with simultaneous bladder rupture and disruption of the posterior urethra, in which cases making diagnosis as bladder rupture was difficult without exploration. 7. Immediate vesical repair and indwelling urethral catheter, with or without suprapubic cystostomy, were performed in almost all patients, except two cases who were only managed with indwelling urethral catheter. 8. While we had four cases of intraperitoneal rupture with complication we couldn't find any complications in cases of extraperitoneal rupture.
Accidents, Traffic ; Alcohol Drinking ; Cystostomy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Rupture* ; Schools, Medical ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Catheters ; Urology

No abstract available.
Economic Recession*