This dissertation is concerned not with medical theories, but with practices of Greek physicians, and I have addressed the subject of medical ethics as related to the Hippocratic tradition. And I have attempted a synthetic account of Greek physicians' actual practice and its ideals in the Hippocratic tradition. My understanding of the tradition succeeds the revelations in the first chapter of my doctorial thesis, one of them is the fact that Hippocratic tradition is amalgamation of ethical code with rational or scientific medical theory. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I have attempted a social history of Greek physicians by analyzing Hippocratic writings. The Hippocratic collections, Corpus Hippocraticum, throw light not only on the origins and early development of classical medicine, but on its place in Greek Society. In the second chapter, I aim at understanding of the medical morality in its practice by analyzing the Corpus. Particularly the Oath shall be examined. Some questions, above all, such as "Was it ever a reality or merely a 'counsel of perfection'?" can not be answered. But by the way of the examination of the deontological treatises, the characters of the ethics of Greek physicians become clear. It was the result of outward performance in the relation of inner intention. In the result Greek physicians were the first to attempt to establish a code of behaviour for the medical profession and to define the doctor's obligations to the society.
English Abstract ; Ethics, Medical/*history ; Greece ; History of Medicine, Ancient

This paper reviews historiographies on Greek medicine and aims at understanding the Hippocratic tradition. In western medicine, Hippocrates has always been an ideal of the physicians. While the importance of Hippocrates has declined with the advance of modern medical knowledge and he is no longer assumed to be the man of all medical wisdom, his name still represents an ethical code and the importance of the works associated with his name becomes still alive. The Hippocratic collections, Corpus Hippocraticum, throw light not only on the origins and early development of classical medicine, but on its place in Greek society. In the course of reviewing, some issues about the Corpus, including 'the Hippocratic Question', shall be discussed. Although numerous modern scholars have attempted to identify within the Corpus the genuine works of Hippocrates himself -a problem that already had exercised the ancient commentators including Galen-, none have succeeded in this attempt definitely. The Corpus is evidently the works of many medical writers, belonging to different groups or schools and representing quite opposed viewpoints. Thus apart from the school of Cos, associated with Hippocrates himself, the rival school of Cnidus was probably responsible for several of the works in the Corpus. But Hippocrates and the Corpus were regarded as more or less coextensive, and although a scholar in citing a text as authority might remark that it was thought not to be by Hippocrates, he would cite it none the less. Regarding this point, I have examined some trends grouping the Corpus in the Hippocratic tradition in the fourth section. From the point of Hippocratic tradition, Galen's position marked a turning point. What was crucial was that Galen saw him as the originator of rational medicine. And in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were many leading medical writers who continued to express their admiration for Hippocrates including Paracelsus, Sydenham, and Boerhaave. They admired Hippocrates because of his detailed clinical observations and the examples he set of the doctor's devotion and concern for his patients. But one must distinguish between the idealization of Hippocrates as a doctor and the idealization of him as a medical and biological theorist. It is one thing to represent him as a skillful physician and it is another to accept his views on problem of medical theory. Modern scholarship could have distinguished both between different phases in the growth of Hippocrates' reputation and between the different pictures of Hippocrates that were presented.

Alcohol has been used as sedatives historically. The effect of alcohol on sleep is different according to its dose, timing of ingestion, and drinking frequency. Sleep problems may play a role in the development and course of alcohol-related disorders. Insomnia in alcohol-dependent patients is common and early treatment of insomnia may reduce the rate of relapse. Sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, periodic limbs movement disorder, and altered circadian rhythm may be more frequent in this patients. Management of sleep and alcohol problems is important in treating alcohol-related disorder and sleep disorders, respectively.
Alcohol-Related Disorders ; Circadian Rhythm ; Drinking ; Eating ; Extremities ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Movement Disorders ; Recurrence ; Restless Legs Syndrome ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

A clinical observation was made on 36 patients of cryptorchidism who had been admitted to the department of Urology, Cho sun University Medical School during the period from January, 1981 to February, 1984. The results were as follows: 1. The cryptorchidism had the highest incidence rate among the anomalies of the genitourinary tract (35%). 2. Age distribution ranged from 20 months to 40 years, and the most frequent age group was 6 to 10 years old. 3. Of the 47 undescended testes, the most popular location was inguinal type in 22 testes(45.8%), and bilateral cryptorchidism were found in 11 cases, right in 18 cases and left in 7 cases. 4, Hormonal therapy was done on 7 cases of bilateral cryptorchidism but only one case was respond with partial descent. 5. Orchiopexy was performed on all the cases of cryptorchidism.
Age Distribution ; Child ; Cryptorchidism* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Orchiopexy ; Schools, Medical ; Solar System ; Urology

No abstract available.
PUVA Therapy* ; Telangiectasis*

This paper is concerned not with medical theories, but with "discourses" about a famous physician, and I have addressed the subject of Hippocratic Legends as related to the Hippocratic Tradition. In this research, I pay attention to the Asclepiad guild of Cos, especially its status and privilege among Greek physicians and its role in the development of Hippocratic Tradition. In examining this issues Pseudepigrapha which are parts of the Hippocratic collections, that is Corpus Hippocraticum, are the most important texts, though they have been neglected for various reasons. It will be useful to look at some epigraphical and historical informations in comparison with the Pseudepigrapha, especially with the Presbeutikos, from which Hippocratic legends originate. In the result, it will be manifest that the Presbeutikos is a species of propaganda for the Coan Asclepiads and Pseudepigrapha's introduction into the Corpus, in the absence of biographical and historical information about Hippocrates, had much to do with the characterization of early Greek medical tradition, that became common in antiquity. In the conceptual dimension, we can and must distinguish between the idealization of Hippocrates as "the father of medicine", and the idealization of him as a respectable physician. But in reality, or historically, the ancient Hippocratic Tradition is amalgamation of these two aspects.
*Biography ; English Abstract ; Greece ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; *Medicine

From January 1980 to February 1987, 29 cases of surgically treated hypospadias was analysed and the following results were obtained. 1. The range of patient age was from 1 to 44 Years, most of cases were found in the age under 15 years. 2. The most common types of hypospadias were penile and penoscrotal in 18 patients and 6 patients respectively and the most common associated anomaly was cryptorchidism in 7 patients. 3. Of 29 cases, one stage repairs were performed in 16 cases and two stage repairs in 13 cases, in which, chordee removal only was done in 5 cases. In 16 cases of on stage repair, transverse preputial island flap technique were performed in 6 cases, Hodgson I technique in 5 cases, MAGPI in 3 cases and other techniques in 2 cases. In 8 patients underwent second stage urethroplasty, modified Denis-Brown technique were performed in 6 cases and Thiersch-Duplay technique in 2 cases. Granuloplasties with channeling technique were performed in all cases of Thiersch-Duplay and transverse preputial island flap technique. 4. Of 24 urethroplasties, complications were encountered in 7 cases, of which the most common one was fistula in 6 cases.
Cryptorchidism ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Hypospadias* ; Male

Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract is a unique and uncommon tumor, characterized by an endophytic growth pattern. Recently, we experienced a case of inverted vesical papilloma in a 54-year-old women.
Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papilloma ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Tract

The coexistence of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis is extremely rare. The mechanisms of renal artery stenosis with pheochromocytoma include direct compression of the tumor mass on the renal artery and catecholamine-induced vasospasm, fibromuscular hyperplasia, and fibrous adhesion. We report a rare case of renal artery stenosis caused by extraadrenal pheochromocytoma in a 29- year-old female. She was admitted to the hospital because of palpitation and headache. She had been treated for hypertension for 2 years. On admission, her plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were elevated as were her plasma renin activity, urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and metanephrine levels. Through the use of abdominal computed tomography, 131I-MIBG scan, and renal arteriography, a mass was found in the hilus of the left kidney which affected left renal artery stenosis. Surgical removal of the mass and left kidney restored the catecholamine excretion, plasma renin activity, and blood pressure to normal. Electronmicroscopic examination of the mass confirmed the pheochromocytoma.
Angiography ; Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension ; Kidney ; Metanephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Plasma ; Renal Artery Obstruction* ; Renal Artery* ; Renin ; Vanilmandelic Acid

Objective: Capsaicin, the pungent analgesic substance of hot peppers which produces a burning sensation and pain is known to affect Substance P and central opioid activities. This experiment was designed to test the effect of capsaicin on alcohol consumption in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. These two strains are known to differ in both their alcohol consumption and their endogenous opioid distribution and response to alcohol. It is hypothesized that this effect may be mediated by both increases Substance P and decreases beta-endorphin. Methods: After i.p. administration of 0.01 and 0.001 mg/kg of capsaicin with a vehicle or the vehicle alone as the control for eight days in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice on limited access alcohol model, Capsaicin’s effects on 2-hour alcohol, 22-hours water, 24-hours food intake and body weight were studied. Results: In this study, as expected, C57BL/6 mice drank significantly more alcohol than DBA/2 mice under baseline conditions. Capsaicin at both doses tested significantly reduced baseline alcohol consumption in C57BL/6 but not DBA/2 mice. These effects were selective for alcohol as capsaicin did not disrupt food or water consumption. Conclusion These results demonstrate that capsaicin differentially affects those mechanisms underlying alcohol consumption in two strains of mice known to differ in their preference for and consumption of alcohol. This effect is hypothesized to be related to differences in the response of the endogenous opioid system.