The change of venous capacitance has an influence on venous return to the heart and cardiac output, and causes the alteration of preload, cardiac filling pressure and myocardial wall tension. Venous capacitance is assesed by measuring the mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), and MCFP is measured during brief periods of circulatory arrest produced by inflating an indwelling balloon in the right atrium It is important to know the effects of vasodilator and anesthetic drugs on venous capacitance. Therefore, this study was performed to know the effects of nitroglycerin and diltiazem on venous capacitance in rats. Rats were anesthetized with ketamine 125 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and added 10 mg/kg every 30 minutes. Their mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered to 60 mmHg by intravenous injection of 0.82+/-0.36 mg/kg nitroglycerin and/or 6.7+/-1.5 mg/kg diltiazem. Hemodynamic parameters such as MAP, heart rate, central venous pressure and MCFP were measured before and after drug-injection. Hemodynamic values measured before drug-injection in two groups were little differences statistically. However, the MCFP of nitroglycerin was significantly decreased (p<0.01) from 7.3+/-0.61 mmHg to 5.4+/-0.58 mmHg after drug-injection, and that of diltiazem was not significantly changed from 7.1+/-0.54 mmHg to 6.9+/-0.63 mmHg. The results suggested that nitroglycerin was predominantly a venous dilator in terms of MCFP but diltiazem had little effect of venodilation.
Anesthetics ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Central Venous Pressure ; Diltiazem* ; Equidae ; Heart ; Heart Atria ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Injections, Intravenous ; Ketamine ; Nitroglycerin* ; Rats*

Recently, several investigators have begun to question the routine use of sodium bicsrbonate in metabolic acidosis, based on a failure to clearly demonstrate the efficacy of alkali therapy, which includes the production of carbon dioxide and variability of the effect on hemodynamic state. We studied the use of sodium bicarbonate in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock to determine its effect on arterial, mixed venous blood gases and hemodynamic states. Nine adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized with pentothal sodium and mechanical ventilation was adjusted to maintained the PaCO2 at 30 to 35mmHg. Ar Swan-Ganz catheter was inserted via a right femoral vein and the right femoral artery was cannulated for continuous pressure monitoring and intermittent blood sampling. 30 minutes after hemorrhagic shock, sodium bicarbonate (1mEq/kg) was administered and 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of sodium biearbonate we analyzed the arterial, mixed venous blood gases and measured hemodynamic states. The results were as follows, 1) The arterial carbon dioxide tensions(PaCO2) of 1,5,15,30 and 60 minutes after administration of sodium bicarbonate were 44,42,41,42 and 46mmHg which increased significantly compared to control value, 33mmHg. 2) The mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions(PvCO2) ofr 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of sodium bicarbonste were 57, 55, 56, 55 and 55mmHg which also increased significantly compared to control value, 46mmHg. 3) The mean arterial pressures of 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of sodium bicarbonate were 61, 60, 64, 68 and 70mmHg which increased significantly compared to control value, 50mmHg, but there were no increasements of cardiac output. It is undesirable to use sodium bicarbonate routinely during hemorrhagic shock because the use of sodium bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis increased arterial and mixed venous carbon dioxide tension and did not show the improvement of hemodynsmic derangement.
Acidosis ; Adult ; Alkalies ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Cardiac Output ; Catheters ; Dogs ; Femoral Artery ; Femoral Vein ; Gases ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Research Personnel ; Respiration, Artificial ; Shock, Hemorrhagic* ; Sodium Bicarbonate* ; Sodium* ; Thiopental

BACKGROUND: Monitoring of PETCO2 in the patients during regional anesthesia may be no less important than under general anesthesia, but will aid in early detection of potentially catastrophic events. However, the utility and accuracy of capnography in non-intubated patients has received little attention. We examined correlation between PETCO2 measured via nasal cannula and PaCO2 values in the sedated spontaneously breathing patients during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty adult patients who underwent elective surgery were administered optimal doses of tetracaine and epinephrine mixture in their site of operation, length, weight and age. Thereafter, we sampled expired gas by 175ml/min and administered oxygen by 3L/min using oxygen delivery CO2 sampling nasal cannula. End tidal carbon dioxide tension, heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate were measured before and 20 min after 0.02 mg/kg midazolam i.v.. And arterial blood gases were once measured 20 min after 0.02 mg/kg midazolam i.v.. RESULTS: The patients, sedation state was asleep or calm in awake. End tidal carbon dioxide tension was significantly increased after midazolam injection (p<0.01), but another values were not different after midazolam injection. Linear regression analysis of arterial carbon dioxide tension and end tidal carbon dioxide tension after midazolam injection yielded y = 0.77x + 4.82 and r2 = 0.76 (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: End tidal carbon dioxide tension using oxygen delivery CO2 sampling nasal cannula in the sedated spontaneously breathing patients with midazolam during spinal anesthesia were significantly related with arterial carbon dioxide tension. Therefore, we conclude that monitoring of PETCO2 via nasal cannula is a reliable means during spinal anesthesia.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Blood Pressure ; Capnography ; Carbon Dioxide ; Catheters* ; Epinephrine ; Gases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Midazolam ; Oxygen ; Respiration* ; Respiratory Rate ; Tetracaine

BACKGROUND: In intravenous administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, succinylcholine is reported to produce activation of the electroencephalogram and increase cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. In this point, rocuronium was recently introduced as a non-depolarizing relaxant, and recommended as a safe alternative to succinylcholine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of rocuronium and succinylcholine on cerebral blood flow velocities during anesthetic induction. METHODS: Forty patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 was administrated rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and group 2 was administrated succinylcholine 1 mg/kg for tracheal intubation after each group had intravenous administration of thiopental 5 mg/kg. The author observed changes of mean arterial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocities at 5 times: before induction (control), 30 sec after thiopental administration, 30 sec, 60 sec and 90 sec after muscle relaxant administration. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure decreased more at 30 sec after thiopental administration compared with the control (P<0.05). Middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocities were reduced at 30 sec after thiopental administration and 60 sec after rocuronium administration compared with the control (P<0.05). Middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocities were reduced at 30, 60, 90 sec after rocuronium administration compared with succinylcholine administration (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that rocuronium has little effects on increasing cerebral blood flow. These result suggest that rocuronium have a less effect on increase in cerebral blood flow during neurosurgical anesthesia.
Administration, Intravenous ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Flow Velocity* ; Carbon Dioxide ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Intracranial Pressure ; Intubation ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Succinylcholine* ; Thiopental

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a uncommon complication of late pregnancy which may progress to hepatic failure, encephalopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and death. A 65 kg 29-yr-old female at 35 weeks gestation complained of epigastric discomfort and jaundice 5 days before adimission. She had icteric sclera but other physical findings were non-specific. Anesthetic induction was achieved with thiopental, succinylcholine and vecuronium and the trachea was easily intubated. Maintenance of anesthesia was accomplished with oxygen : nitrous oxide (3 : 2) and 0.8% isoflurane. The Apgar scores were 8 and 10 at 1 min and 5 min, respectively. After the end of surgery, the patient was awakened and she was extubated after she followed verbal commands. She remained stable during her immediate postoperative course, but her vital signs were worse suddenly on postoperative day 3. On postoperative day 5, she was supported by artificial ventilation. The prothrombin time and the partial thromboplastin time were prolonged. Dopamine, dobutamine and norepinephrine were administered for maintaining her cardiovascular function. After that she was managed with artificial ventilation, cardiovascular drugs, fluid and blood products due to multi-organ failure. On postoperative day 25, she expired due to an acute cardiac arrest which was suspected to be due to multi-organ failure.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Cardiovascular Agents ; Cesarean Section ; Dobutamine ; Dopamine ; Fatty Liver* ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Jaundice ; Liver Failure ; Nitrous Oxide ; Norepinephrine ; Oxygen ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Pregnancy* ; Prothrombin Time ; Sclera ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental ; Trachea ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Ventilation ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: During hemorrhagic shock, acidosis was frequently treated with sodium bicarbonate, but various adverse reactions were reported. Most adverse effects of sodium bicarbonate have been attributed to increased CO2 production and paradoxical intracellular acidosis. This study was designed to compare the effects of Carbicarb and sodium bicarbonate on hemodynamics and acid base states in canine hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: 12 mongrel dogs were randomly divided as sodium bicarbanate group (group 1, n=6) and Carbicarb group (group 2, n=6). The study was divided into three successive phases as prehemorrhagic phase (I), hemorrhagic shock phase (II), acid-base correctoin phase (III+1 min, III+5 min, III+15 min, III+30 min). At the beginning of phase III, group 1 received sodium bicarbonate 2.5 ml/kg and group 2 received Carbicarb 2.5 ml/kg. During each phase a complete set of hemodynamic parameters, arterial and mixed venous blood gas measurements were recorded. RESULTS: 1) Arterial and end-tidal CO2 of sodium bicarbonate treated group were increased significantly compared with that of Carbicarb treated group after treatment. 2) Acidosis was improved in both groups, but pH of Carbicarb treated group showed more increase compared with pH of sodium bicarbonate treated group (P <0.05). 3) There was significant hemodynamic improvement on both group after treatment, but there was no statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: The treatment of Carbicarb shows more increase in arterial pH and less increase in carbon dioxide compared with sodium bicarbonate to treat metabolic acidosis due to hemorrhagic shock in mongrel dogs. So we suggest that Carbicarb is useful in the treatment of metabolic acidosis during hemorrhagic shock.
Acidosis ; Animals ; Carbon Dioxide ; Dogs ; Hemodynamics* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Shock, Hemorrhagic* ; Sodium Bicarbonate* ; Sodium*

BACKGROUND: Although modified Mapleson D systems connected to ventilators have been used for controlled ventilation of anesthetized infants and children, the complexity of factors affecting rebreathing within the Mapleson D circuit has resulted in a variety of recommendations for fresh gas flow and minute ventilation. We constructed a formula for ventilator settings which would provide normal tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation without rebreathing during mechanical ventilation in pediatric anesthesia and would like to compare this method to commonly recommended Bain-Spoerel's method. METHODS: Seventy eight infants and small children who anesthetized with enflurane and nitrous oxide were studied. We performed controlled ventilation with each method and measured SpO2, PETCO2 at 10, 20, 30 min after anesthetic induction. At 20 min after anesthetic induction, we drew a arterial blood sample to evaluate PaCO2 and PaO2. RESULTS: In patients above 10 kg, mean PaCO2 was within normal range. But in patients below 10 kg, PaCO2 was significantly higher(p<0.01) with the Bain-Spoerel's method than with the Paik Hosp.'s method. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that our method for ventilator settings can be safely and competently applied to mechanical ventilation with Modified Mapleson D circuit in pediatric anesthesia.
Anesthesia* ; Child ; Enflurane ; Humans ; Infant ; Nitrous Oxide ; Reference Values ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Respiratory Rate ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilation ; Ventilators, Mechanical

BACKGROUND: Thiopental anesthesia increases the seizure threshold of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. However, excessive neuronal suppression could result in an unacceptably short seizure duration. We sought to identify the correlation between the pre-ictal Bispectral index (BIS) score and seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) under thiopental anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty patients with major depressive disorders underwent ECT. Anesthesia was induced by a bolus injection of 2 mg/kg of thiopental. BIS was monitored continuously, and recorded at specific end points, i.e., before anesthesia, just before ECT (pre-ictal BIS), on awaking (eye opening), before discharge to the recovery room and before discharge to the ward. The durations of motor and electroencephalographic seizures were recorded. RESULTS: The BIS score just before ECT was 52+/-9. Both motor and electro encephalographic seizure durations were positively correlated with the pre-ictal BIS score (R = 0.59 and 0.60, respectively; P < 0.01). On eye opening, BIS showed 48+/-13 and slowly recovered but remained low until discharge to the ward, reflecting post-ictal suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-ictal BIS score is positively correlated with seizure duration, but the BIS score may not accurately reflect the depth of sedation after ECT.
Anesthesia* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Electroconvulsive Therapy* ; Humans ; Neurons ; Recovery Room ; Seizures* ; Thiopental*

BACKGROUD: To study the prevalence of abnormalities found in routine preoperative eletrocardiograms (ECGs) and to analyze abnormal ECG findings in different age groups. METHODS: 9,709 patients undergoing elective surgery requiring anesthesia at Busan Paik Hospital from January to December 2002 were retrospectively studied. Preoperative ECGs were analyzed in terms of age, sex and specific abnormal ECG findings that might alter anesthetic management. RESULTS: 1,683 of 9,709 patients (17.3%) had abnormal electrocardiogram findings. The incidences of ventricular hypertrophy, bundle branch block, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and atrioventricular block were 5.3%, 4.1%, 3.9%, 2.5%, 1.0% and 0.5%. Those over 75 years, 43% had abnormal findings and the incidence of myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia and ventricular hypertrophy were 11.7%, 9.7% and 8.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of unexpected preoperative ECG abnormalities among elective surgery patients is high, especially among older patients. Given the wealth of information provided by preoperative ECG at low cost, ECG is necessary to establish the components of routine preoperative assessment for cardiovascular disease, especially for older adults.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Atrioventricular Block ; Bundle-Branch Block ; Busan ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Electrocardiography* ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Incidence* ; Mass Screening* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common and serious form of myotonic disease. It is a multisystem disease, although skeletal muscles are principally affected. Its most common complication is postoperative respiratory failure. We report such a case in a patient undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy after inhalational anesthesia. The patient had preoperative muscular weakness, which was, we concluded, induced by hypothyroidism and an old lacunar infarction in left thalamus with mild cerebral atrophy by preoperative thyroid function testing and brain CT. We studied electromyographic results and more intensively queried family history after postoperative respiratory failure. It was confirmed that the patient had myotonic dystrophy.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Atrophy ; Brain ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Hysterectomy ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myotonic Dystrophy* ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Stroke, Lacunar ; Thalamus ; Thyroid Function Tests