The pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia exhibit wide inter-individual variabilities in clinical efficacy and adverse effects. Recently. human genetic diversity has been known as one of the essential factors to the variation in human drug response. This suggests that drug therapy should be tailored to the genetic characteristics of the individual. Pharmacogenetics is the field of investigation that attempts to elucidate genetic basis of an individual's responses to pharmacotherapy, considering drug effects divided into two categories as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The emerging field of pharmacogenomics. which focuses on genetic determinants of drug response at the level of the entire human genome, is important for development and prescription of safer and more effective individually tailored drugs and will aid in understanding how genetics influence drug response. In schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic studies have shown the role of genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2A1 in the metabolism of antipsychotic drugs. At the level of drug targets, variants of the dopamine D_(2), D_(3) and D_(4), and 5-HT_(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors have been examined. The pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia presently shows controversial findings which may be related to the multiple involvement of genes with relatively small effects and to the lack of standardized phenotypes. For further development in the pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia, there would be required the extensive outcome measures and definitious, and the powerful new tools of genomics, proteomics and so on.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Dopamine ; Drug Therapy ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pharmacogenetics* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phenotype ; Prescriptions ; Proteomics ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Schizophrenia*

The concentration of serum triglyceride values were studied at department of pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital. With the total 742 cases, among them 462 boys and 280 girls who were at the age of 2 months through 15 years old. Serum triglycerde values were measured to determine the distribution of values and evaluated on the basis of sex, age, height and weight percentile. The following results were obtained: 1) The mean value of the serum triglycerides were 88.11+/-35.76 mg/dl in boys and 94.82+/-34.56 mg/dl in girls. 2) In distribution of trglyceride level by percentile, the value of 90th percentile was 136 mg/dl. 3) The values of the serum triglyceride from 6 to 11 year old age group were significant low values in boys and girls.
Adolescent ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Female ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; Triglycerides*

No abstract available.
Drug Therapy*

Characterizations of the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genes of Korean isolates of bovine rotavirus were performed using RT-PCR/RFLP and nucleotide sequencing analysis. After RT-PCR amplification of partial length (1094bp) of the VP4 and full length (1062bp) of the VP7 genes, amplified PCR products were digested with restriction endonucleases and digestion patterns were compared with those of reference rotaviruses. With the VP4 genes, four RFLP (AD) profiles were observed; three (A, B and C) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (P[1]), IND (P[5]) and B223 (P[11]), respectively, Profile D was the same as that of porcine rotavirus OSU (p[7]). With the VP7 genes, five RFLP profiles (I-V) were observed; three of them (1, II and III) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (G6), Cody I-801 (G8), and B223 (G10), respectively, Profile IV and V were atypical to those of reference bovine rotaviruses used in this study. These two profiles were identified as G6 and G5, respectively, after analyzing and comparing the nucleotide sequences. The G typing analysis revealed that 61.9% (26/42) were G6, which included G6 subtype; 28.6% (12/42) were G5; 7.1% (3/42) were G10; 2.4% (1/42) were G8. The P typing analysis revealed that 54.8% (23/42) were P(5); 28.6% (12/42) were P(7); 11.8% (5/42) were P(11); 4.8% (2/42) were P(1). Our results showed that G6/P(5) were the most prevalent rotaviruses in diarrheic calves in Korea. Also, this is the first report that G5P(7) rotaviruses were identified from cattle with diarrhea.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Diarrhea ; Digestion ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length* ; Rotavirus*

Recently, the incidence of fracture and dislocation of the proximal humerus has been increased with increment of traffic accident and industrial accident. Although most proximal humeral fractures can be treated satisfactorily by simple conservative treatment, the displaced fracture or fracture-dislocatiion of the proximal humerus demands special treatment and judgement. It has been reported that the results of the surgical treatment of the unstable fracture of the proximal humerus was better than that of conservative treatment. The authors analysed 32 cases displaced fracture or fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus treated operatively which were followed up more than 1 year at the Dae Han Hospital from June, 1990 to May, 1993. The obtained results were as follows; l. According to Neer's classification, there were 2-part fracture in 3 cases(9%), 3-part in 17 cases(54%), 4-part in 2 cases(6%), fracture-dislocation in 8 cases(25%) and head splitting in 2 cases(6%). 2. The clinical results by Neer's criteria were excellent in 9 cases(28%), good in 14 cases(44%), fair in 7 cases(22%), and poor in 2 cases(6%) among the 32 cases. 3. The complication were limitation of motion in 4 cases, avscular necrosis of humeral head in 2 cases, nonunion in 1 case, delayed union in 1 case, ectopic ossification in 1 case and malunion in 1 case. 4. In the unstable fracture of the proximal humerus treated by accurate reduction and rigid fixation with intensive rehabilitation can be obtained, relatively satisfactory results because of the inability to maintain an acceptable closed reduction.
Accidents, Occupational ; Accidents, Traffic ; Classification ; Dislocations ; Head ; Humeral Head ; Humerus ; Incidence ; Necrosis ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Rehabilitation ; Shoulder Fractures

We present a case of multiple trichoepithelioma associated with milia. A 12-year-old girl developed symmetrically distributed, numerous, skin-colored papules on her face, some of which were studded with milia-like whitish materials. Histopathological findings of these lesions revealed the typical findings of trichoepitheliomas with overlying milia in the upper dermis.
Child ; Dermis ; Female ; Humans

Injectable Collagen Implan, is composed of purified bovine dermal collagen emulsified in saline and lidocaine(0.3%) base, and has been promoted for correction of soft tissue contour defects. Although collagen is a relatively nontoxic, nonimmunologic and biolegically nonreactive biomaterial, some side reactions have been reported. We report herein a case of cutaneous side reaction to collagen implantation in a 38-year-old female. The patient presented with puritic, irritating, multiple, erythematous nodules on both the temporal and interorbital area, which had been observed since 1 day after collagen(KOKEN ATELOCOLLA-GEN IMPLANT-Japan) implantation. Histopathologic findings showed dense infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells in the dermis, especially the perivascular and periadnexal area.
Adult ; Collagen* ; Dermis ; Female ; Humans

Multiple, reticulated, dark brown colored, macules and patches suddenly developed on the fac, and neck of a 48-year-old Korean woman two days after a traffic accident. On physical examination and laboratory tests including serum melanocyte-stimulating hormone, estrogen and progesterone level, no abnormalities were found except cervical pain. Histological examination of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections revealed increased melanin pigmentation in the basal layer, but the number of melanocytes was not changed in DOPA stained section. Topical application of 2% hydroquinone and 20% azelaic acid ointments had been applied successively for two months each without any apparent improvement. Herein we present a case of reticulate hyperpigmentation on the face and neck, which is very acute and whose causative factors are not certain.
Accidents, Traffic ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation* ; Melanins ; Melanocytes ; Middle Aged ; Neck Pain ; Neck* ; Ointments ; Physical Examination ; Pigmentation ; Progesterone

Two hundreds and ninty-four prostitutes of foreign soldiers of K2 area in Taegu were investigated for their general circumtances, clinical and bacteriological studys from Mar. 1978 to May 1979. The results were as foIIows: The age group of 20-24 year-old constituted highest proportion at the level of about 53.4% Averge age of total casea was about 26.2. The propartion of those who were more than 35 occupied about 7.2%. The positive rate of Cram negative displococci (GND) on dirert smers showed highest in December and, January and lowest in-April. Wcekly distribution shwed a higher in second and fourth week. Nongonococcal infect.ions occupied about 45.4%. and total raes. The causative oanism. were niostly Gram negative and Gram positive bacilli. The mothly spells and perons with gonorrhea priod prevaIence rate showed a higher rate in Becember, January and July. The prevalence ratio of gonorrhea and syphilis was 13: 1. The examined cases occupied about 34.3, during first 2 month is after registration. The seasoal vari tion of registrators and cancellators were both most in winter. The positive rate of GND was ahout 53.1% in new comers less than two month-examinations after regiatration. Cervical erosion or chronic cervicitis .;howed about 44.8% among the examined 96% cases. Gonococci were isoIated about 25.6% among the ones with cervical lesions on Thayer-Martin media. On the other hand, the ones without lesions were about 11.3% comparatively. Syphilis period prevalence rate was about 8. 5 A. The titers of VDRL slide test were low (1; 8 or less). Two-thirds of positive cases of GND were treated by penicillin, although tetracycline and spectinomycin were also used in a few cases. The penicillin hypersensitivity sho- wed positive results in 9.7% of all treated cases.
Daegu ; Gonorrhea ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Military Personnel* ; Penicillins ; Prevalence ; Sex Workers* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases* ; Spectinomycin ; Syphilis ; Tetracycline ; Uterine Cervicitis

No abstract available.
Humans ; Interferon-alpha* ; Interferons* ; Melanoma* ; Ulcer*