This study was carried out to investigate the light and electron microscopic findings of the livers of rats after an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride. The Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with cadmium chloride dissolved in water, once a day for three days. These animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 8, and 24 hr after the last injection. Control groups of the rats were also sacrificed in the same manner. The liver was extirpated and examined by both light and electron microscopy. The results obtained are as follows: The parenchyma of the liver shows focal neutrophilic infiltration and spotty necrosis. The hepatocytes show fatty change, ballooning degeneration, swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, increase numbers of secondary lysosomes and residual bodies. Focal patic venules and sinusoids of the liver are congested. The Kupffer cells are increase in number. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cadmium is directly acted to hepatocytes resulting in cellular injuries and deposits in the fat droplets of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, not Ito cells as previously suggeted.
Rats ; Animals

A case of melorheostosis, which affected upon left upper extremity as monomelic type, was experienced at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Seoul National University Hospital in May 1971. We report this case with reference because of the rarity of melorheostosis and an addition of the case, a case with the literal reference is persented.
Melorheostosis ; Orthopedics ; Seoul ; Upper Extremity

Among 666 premature infants or low birthweight infants who were admitted in NICU of St. Francisco General Hospital from January 1990 to Jun 1992, 96 infants were diagnosed as retinopathy of prematurity by indirect ophthalmoscope. The result were follows: 1) Among 666 patients, retinopathy of prematurity developed in 96 patients(14.1%) 2) The high incidence was observed in low birthweight and small gestational age. 3) Mean age of first diagnosing time was 42.0( 12 day of life and mean gestational age was 31.8 2.5 weeks and mean birthweight was 1646.5 (350.7gm. 4) In gestational age, birthweight and duration of oxygen therapy, there was statistically difference between cryotherapy group and spontaneous regression group. Other possible risk factors-hyaline membrane disease, apnea, anemia-were showed higher incidence in cryotherapy group. 5) Among the 20 infants who were treated with cryotherapy, 16 infants (80%) showed regression of neovascularization.
Apnea ; Cryotherapy ; Gestational Age ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Membranes ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Oxygen ; Retinopathy of Prematurity*

Events during and after anesthesia were checked in order to evaluate intraoperative death which were related to anesthesia factors. 114 events occurred among the 4, 268 anesthetics at St. Mary's Hospital during the period of May 1975 to October 1976. Some of these events may occur due to malhandling of the anesthesia machine, misuse of drugs, incorrect technics, anesthetist fatigue, misunderstanding of proper knowledge)and negligent actions. Rarely, some of them may become critical and unexpected pitfalls in anesthesia. Like other physicians, anesthesiologists are responsible for their acts. They are also accoun table as physicians for making the decision as to what they describe and administer,and how they prescribe and administer. In general, a physician must perform his work in accordance with accepted medical practice, with the standards current in the community, and he must bring to the task a resonable degree of skill and knowledge and he must exercise resonable care. When any of these principles are abrogated then negligence may exist. The anesthetist is liable if he fails to take those steps to satisfy himself that all is correct and those steps which a careful and prudent anesthetist would ordinarily take. For the anesthesiologists sake, 114 events were evaluated and conclusions were as follows; 1. 114 events occurred among the 4,268 anesthetics and the incidence was 2.7%. 2. There are variable events as slight as lip trauma, and as severe as cardiac arrest. 3. Preventable events were 87 cases out of 114 cases, and the incidence was 76. 3%. 4. Anesthesiologists must use careful management of the patients with correct knowledgement and skillful technic through the preanesthetic and postanesthetic periods.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthetics ; Fatigue ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lip ; Malpractice

10 cases of tuberculosis of the greater trochanter of the femur were treated at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital from Jan. 1964 to Jun. 1971 with following results; 1) Duration of onset was more than 2 years in 7 cases and tuberculous foci of other organ were noted in 4 cases. 2) Bony destruction on the greater trochanter was observed in all cases and marked synovial thickening was combined in 4 cases. 3) Radical curettage or resection of bony focus of the greater trochanter were carried out in all cases with excellent result except 1 case in which reoperation was necessary 4 years later.
Curettage ; Femur ; Orthopedics ; Reoperation ; Seoul ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.

Neostigmine, an antagonist of the competitive muscle relaxants, is the reversal agent most commonly used clinically. Neostigmine produce a vagotonic effect causing bradycardia. For this reason, it has always been advocated that it shoud be blocked by anticholinergic drugs. Earlier clinical studies had demonstrated dose of atropine and neostigmine require to reverse the neuromuscular block and to prevent bradycardia. Several authors recommended titrating the amount neostigmine and atropine to a specific end point, but adequate dose was not established. Therefore, this study were designated to compare the heart rate changes and recovery index followed by dose related neostigmine and atropine. Forty patients undergoing general anesthesia were randomly divided in neostigmine 30ug/mg-atropine 15ug/kg(group A) and neostigmine 40ug/kg-atropine 15ug/kg(group B) group. All patients are received atropine 0.01mg/kg and valium 0.18mg/kg for preanesthetic medications. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium 4~5mg/kg, followed by succinylcholine 1mg/kg to facilitate the intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with 50% N2O in oxygen with 1% halothane. In all patients following induction of anesthesia, neuromuscular block was monitored continuously throughout the study. Pancuronium was administered, as a bolus, in a dose of 0.04mg/kg with increment of 0.02mg/kg, when necessary, to depress the T4/T2 ratio less than 10%. When muscle twitch activity, following pancuronium administration, had recovered spontaneously to 20% of T4/T2 ratio, each dose of atropine and neoatigmine was given. Heart rate counted from the ECG tracing and blood pressure was checked for 30 minutes after injection. Recovery index was calculated. The results were as follows. 1) In group A, maximal increase of pulse rate by intravenous atropine was 23.3+/-4.79%, maximal decrease of pulse rate was 22.6+/-11.50% within 12.2+/-6.07 minutes. Recovery index was 7.5+/-4.82minutes. 2) In group B, maximal increase of pulse rate by intravenous atropine was 13.5+/-10.08%, Maximal decrease of pulse rate was 29.9+/-8.30% within 10.9+/-2.81 minutes. Recovery index was 6.3+/-3.95 minutes. 3) In A and B group, neuromuscular blockade induced by pancuronium 0.04mg/kg was adequately recovered by neostigmine 30~40 ug/kg in all cases. 4) Severe bradycardia was developed after mixed injection of atropine 15ug/kg to neostigmine 30~40 ug/kg in A and B group.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Atropine* ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Diazepam ; Electrocardiography ; Halothane ; Heart Rate* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Neostigmine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Oxygen ; Pancuronium ; Preanesthetic Medication ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental

Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a nerve block method that is used for treatment of neuropathic pain in the head, neck and upper extremities, especially trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. SGB can modulate and stabilize the sympathetic nervous system, which prevents it from overexcitation and improves symptoms of syncope. The authors report a patient who was treated for pain and edema of both upper extremities with SGB, then showed improvement in recurrent syncope followed by chest pain and overall quality of life.
Chest Pain ; Edema ; Head ; Humans ; Methods ; Neck ; Nerve Block ; Neuralgia ; Neuralgia, Postherpetic ; Quality of Life ; Stellate Ganglion ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Syncope ; Thorax ; Trigeminal Neuralgia ; Unconsciousness ; Upper Extremity

Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a nerve block method that is used for treatment of neuropathic pain in the head, neck and upper extremities, especially trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. SGB can modulate and stabilize the sympathetic nervous system, which prevents it from overexcitation and improves symptoms of syncope. The authors report a patient who was treated for pain and edema of both upper extremities with SGB, then showed improvement in recurrent syncope followed by chest pain and overall quality of life.

BACKGROUND: The maximal removal rate of indocyanine green (ICG Rmax), which has been used as a useful indicator of quantitative assessment of the hepatic function, has some disadvantages such as high cost, requirement of multiple sampling, and long turn-around time. This study was designed to clarify that the measurement of the lidocaine metabolite, monoethylglycinekylidide (MEGX) test, can replace the ICG Rmax. And in healthy adults, MEGX forma pion was measured and compared according to methods of measurement and serf. METHOD: In 18 patients to whom ICG Rmax test was requested, ICG Rmax test was carried out at two doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg and MEGX formation after 15 minute of 1 mg/kg lidocaine Injection was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method. The correlation between them was analyzed, To 25 healthy volunteers included in this study as normal control, lidocaine was given intravenously at, a dose of 1 mg/kg and MEGX forma pion was measured IS and 30 minute later (MEGX15, MEGX30) using both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and FPIA methods. RESULT: Patient group resealed significant correlation between ICG Rmax and MEGX15 (r=0.7674, p<0.001) and also between ICG Rl5 and MEGX15 (r=0.5612, p=0.008). There was significant difference between MEGX15 of 9 patients with chronic liver diseases and those of normal controls (22.24+/- 13.18 and 35.40+/- 14.43 ng/mL, respectively) (p=0.01). In normal controls, the correlation between methods was significant (p=0.001) and the values measured by FPIA method was significantly higher than that by HPLG (p(0.001). Of the normal controls, male group had higher MEGX15 values than female group in both methods (in HPLC method 33.89+/-15.95 and 22.53+/- 8.36, and in FPIA method 41.48+/-16.61 and 28.81+/-7.88 ng/mL, respectively), and in female group MEGX30 values was significantly elevated compared to MEGX15 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Inferred from the fact that the correlation between ICG Rmax and MEGX was good, MEGX test can be considered a replacement for ICG Rmax. In healthy adults, it is considered that there is serf-related difference In the rate of lidocaine metabolism so we should pay attention to it in interpreting the MEGX results.
Adult ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Female ; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green* ; Lidocaine ; Liver Diseases ; Male ; Mesons ; Metabolism