The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total:234;male:91;female:143). In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL -Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish & Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish & High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22 - 25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9 - 20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4 - 10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16:0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio was lower. Dietary C18: 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16:0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18:2omega 6 (LA), sum of omega 6 and sum of PUFA. Serum C18:1, C18:3omega 3 and C20:4omega 6 (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14:0, C16:0, sum of MUFA and C18:1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.
Agaricales ; Beverages ; Carbonated Beverages ; Cholesterol ; Dietary Fats ; Fabaceae ; Fatty Acids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Seoul* ; Triglycerides ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the coping experience of nursing students in clinical practice. METHODS: In-depth interview was done with semi-structured questionnaire on 32 nursing students taking clinical practice. Data was analyzed through the grounded theory. RESULTS: Core category of coping experience of nursing students was ‘trying to be a meaningful presence’ while clinical practice. Students' coping strategies were ‘overcoming inexperience’, ‘receiving the recognition from the clinical instructors’, and ‘governing mind and body’. Helping components for their coping behaviors were ‘support from people’, ‘personal experience before clinical practice’, ‘dynamics with partners’. Through the coping experience during clinical practice, nursing students became mature and confirmed their identities as student nurses. CONCLUSION: Nursing students taking clinical practice tried to be a meaningful presence.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Grounded Theory ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of carnitine, as well as plasma lipid level and fatty acid composition, caused by short term supplementation of carnitine in humans. Ten healthy male subjects (21.2 +/- 0.5 years old) received oral carnitine supplementation (4 g/day) as tablets for two weeks. Fasting blood and random urine samples were collected from each subject both prior to and at the end of carnitine supplemention program. Following the 2 weeks of carnitine supplementation, plasma total carnitine (TCNE) concentration increased 20% (85.1 +/- 7.4 vs 67.3 +/- 9.1 micro mol/1, p>0.05), while urinary excretion of total carnitine increased ten times compared to the value measured prior to the supplementation (3051 +/- 692 vs 278 +/- 90.1 micro mol/g creatinine, p<0.01). Non-esterified carnitine (NEC) comprised from 71 to 88% of TCNE in plasma, and from 32 to 40% of TCNE excreted in the urine. Two weeks of carnitine supplementation in healthy adults significantly elevated plasma level of acid soluble acylcarnitine (ASAC) which is esterified mostly with short chain fatty acids (21.6 +/- 1.6 micro mol/l) compared to the value measured prior to the supplementation (6.4 +/- 0.8 micro mol/l) (p<0.05). Carnitine supplementation significantly increased plasma HDL-cholesterol level (p<0.05), and decreased the atherogenic index (p<0.05), but failed to cause any significant change in plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. Plasma triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid compositions were not significaly affected as well by the oral supplementation of carnitine in subjects with normal range of blood lipid levels.
Adult* ; Carnitine* ; Cholesterol ; Creatinine ; Fasting ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Humans ; Male* ; Plasma* ; Reference Values ; Tablets ; Triglycerides

Diacerein is a safe drug for osteoarthritis due to its inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokines. Its common side effects, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and skin rash, are relatively mild. There have been a few cases of drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome accompanied by thromboembolic complications. We report the first case of diacerein-induced DRESS syndrome with thromboembolic complications. A 64-year-old man developed fever, skin rash, increase in liver enzymes, eosinophilia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) after taking diacerein. DVT and PTE were improved after anticoagulation therapy; however, fever, skin rash, eosinophilia and increase in liver enzymes were aggravated. A high-dose systemic corticosteroid (methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day) was administered, after which his clinical conditions improved.

Serum Ta and T were measured in 34 patients scheduled elective surgery with general anesthesia, who were divided into two groups (enflurane group' 12, propofol group' 22). No clinical signs of thyroid disturbances could be observed preoperatively in the patients. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental 5 mg/kg in enflurane group; propofol 2 mg/kg in propofol group, and maintained with Oz 2 L/min, NH 2 L/min, enflurane (1.0-2.596) in enflurane group,' 2 L/ min, N 4 L/min and continuous controlled infusion of pmpofol (50-150 mcg/kg/min) in propofol group. Blood samples were collected 5 minutes after arrival in operating room, 1 minute after induction, 5 minutes after intubation, 1 minute after skin incision, during operation and 10 minutes after extubation. Blood samples were centrifused and serum was taken from each sample. Determinations of Ta and T4 were performed using enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (ELIA). Comparisons of our results were made using repeated measuves analysis of variance, paired students t-test and statistically significant when p value was less than 0.05. The results are summarized as follows' 1) In enflurane group, serum Ta levels showed a decreasing tendency after extubation compared to baseline. Decreasing serum T4 after administration of thiopental could be considered statistically significant and serum T levels showed a decreasing tendency after extubation compared to baseline. 2) In propofol gnup, serum Tz levels showed a decreasing tendency after extubation compared to baseline. Rises in serum Te after incision and extubation could be considered statistically significant. Based on these results, no direct negative influence of propofol need be expected on Tg metabolism in euthyroid patients. However, the changes in these hormones, although with in the physiological range here, indicate that propofol may adversely influence their levels in the presence of manifested thyroid disease.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Enflurane* ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Intubation ; Luminescence ; Metabolism ; Operating Rooms ; Propofol* ; Skin ; Thiopental ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13-19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), index of nutritional quality (INQ), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS). In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.
Adolescent* ; Body Size* ; Diet* ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Niacin ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Overweight ; Riboflavin ; Thinness ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

The development of a prophylactic vaccine that targets human papillomaviruses (HPV) 6, 11, 16, and 18 to prevent cervical cancer has increased interest in the ethnic and geographical distributions of HPV genotypes. We investigated HPV prevalence and type distribution by restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) testing a total of 60,775 specimens (aged 18-79 yr, median 44) taken from liquid-based cytology. Overall HPV positive rate of total patients was 34.2%. Among the positive patients, 87.7% was single type infections, and 12.3% was multiple HPV types. HPV-16 was the most prevalent genotype observed in 2,307 (26.0%), followed by type 52 in 2,269 (25.5%), type 58 in 1,090 (12.3%), type 18 in 633 (7.1%), type 56 in 436 (4.9%). The pattern of high risk-HPV positive rate according to age showed U-shape with a peak in HPV prevalence among women less than 30 yr of age, and a second peak among the older females aged 70 to 79 yr. The leading four high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV-16, HPV-52, HPV-58, and HPV-18 in descending order. In conclusion, this study provides the most representative prevalence and type-specific distribution of HPV among Korean women, and demonstrates that the epidemiology of HPV infection is different from that of other regions of the world.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology ; *Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to determine composition of food groups appropriate for the evaluation of the quality of total diet or food guide, using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Twenty-fourhour-dietary recalls of total 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS), intake patterns of food group, mean index of nutritional quality (mINQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Considering Korean food pattern different from the Americans, this study is to check if Korean 5 food groups with both of oil & sugar group and vegetable &fruit group, and a minimum amount of 30 g in grain group and 15 g in meat group modified from Kant's minimum amount, 15 g in grain and 30 g in meat, could also be appropriate for the diet evaluation of Korean adolescents. Combination of food group and minimum food intake per each food group used in the first trial were categorized into 6 kinds of types: 1) American 5 food groups with Kant's minimum amount as control or 2) American 5 food groups with modified Kant's minimum amount 3) Korean 5 food groups excluded by sugar with the modified amount 4) Korean 5 food groups with modified amount 5) American food groups added oil group with the modified amount 6) American food groups added oil & sugar group with the modified amount. In case of oil group or oil and sugar group, 5 g was quoted for the minimum amount. Correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality in each type of food group composition were analyzed and the best food group composition was traced by comparing the correlation coefficients of DDS and mINQ or MARs at alpha < 0.01. There was no meaningful difference in weight length index of the subjects of eating or not-eating oil or oil & sugar, while the values of mINQ showed higher in the subjects eating oil but no difference in the subjects eating oil & sugar, compared to the group not-eating, respectively. In comparison of type 1 and type 2, correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality showed higher in type 1 using Kant's amount. And comparing the type of a combined group of fruit & vegetable (type 3 and 4) and the type of separated group of fruit and vegetable (type 5 and 6). six groups of separated vegetable and fruit showed the higher correlation of DDSs and indices of diet quality. In case of being classified into six groups with oil, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.293 with INQ. While, being classified into six groups with oil & sugar instead of oil only, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.249 with INQ. Accordingly the type 5 with oil is regarded as the better food group type than the type 6 with oil & sugar. Since better result was shown in the composition of six groups with Kant's minimum amount, the comparative analysis on both of type 1 with oil and oil & sugar was finally performed. Then oil added type 1 showed higher correlation of DDS and indices of diet quality. These result indicated that it would be more appropriate to use six food groups with separate vegetable and fruit including oil group (oil-added type 1) rather than oil &sugar group for evaluat ion of dietary quality of Korean adolescents using DDS.
Adolescent* ; Diet* ; Eating ; Edible Grain ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Mars ; Meat ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Vegetables

Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) is a major fatty acid of the gray matter in brain, especially of the synaptic membranes. Modification of membrane fatty acids by dietary fatty acids may influence membrane characteristics and metabolism of neurotransmitters including it's release and reuptake. The effect of w3/w6 fatty acids in maternal diet on the brain neurotransmitters of the offsptings and their behavioral development were investigated in this study. Adult female rats were fed experimental diets with different contents of w3 and w6 fatty acids throughtout pregnancy and lactation and up to 16weekss of pup's age. Experimental diets consisted of 10 wt% fat: cornoil (CO: source of w6, LA), perilla oil (PO: source of w3, a-LNA) and fish oil(FO: source of lonfg chain w3, EPA & DHA). At 3,7 and 16weeks of age, frontal cortex, corpus striatum, thaltmus and cerebellum were dissected out of the whole brain, and the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamines(5-HT), catechoamines,and their metabolites were measured by HPLC-ECD. At 16weeks of age, fatty acid compositions of whole brain were determined by GLC. Physical development test in Y-water maze were performed at 15weeks of pup's age. The concentrations of 5-HT in thalamus & hypothalamus was found to be most significiantly correlated with learning ability(r=0.508, p<0.05). At 15weeks of age, the PO group showed higher learning ability compared to the CO or the FO group. Evemn though the DHA level stays rather constant in thhe brain tissue, the ratios of arachidoni c acid(AA,w6)/EPA+DHA(w3) vary significiantly with dietary fatty acids. DHA is known to fulfill very important structural and/or metabolic funtion in membrane system of the brain and AA and its metabolites may also act as transsynaptic messenger and/or second messenger and as the substrate for the production of many biologically active compounds, such as prostaglandins. Therefore, to accomplish full development of brain, proper supply of AA as well as DHA must be considered. Much more studies are needed to clarify th.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Corpus Striatum ; Diet ; Fatty Acids* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Lactation ; Learning ; Membranes ; Metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents* ; Perilla ; Pregnancy ; Prostaglandins ; Rats* ; Second Messenger Systems ; Serotonin ; Synaptic Membranes ; Thalamus

Total 8,341 pregnant women who visited Obstetric Clinic Cheil General Hospital from Jaunary 1991 to July 1992 were screened for HBsAg. Sixty five women with positive HBsAg who delivered healthy babies during that period and their infants are included in the study. HBsAg, Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc, HBeAg and Anti-HBe were tested by radioimmunoassay and hepatitis B virus DNA were studied by polymerase chain reaction technique in both mothers' and babies serum. The results were as follow: 1) Among 8,341 pregnant women who were screened for HBsAg 374 were asymptomatic carriers(4.5%). 2) The newborn babies born to 65 mothers who were positive HBsAg showed HBsAg in 4.6%, HBeAg 75.0%, anti-HBc 98.4% and hepatitis B virus DNA in 26.2%. 3) It showed discordance of HBeAg/anti-HBe, with hepatitis B virus DNA in newborn infants. 4) Follow up study at 8~20 months showed HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA in 2 infants out of 20.
DNA ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Pregnant Women ; Radioimmunoassay