PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the Clusters of health promoting schools in middle and high schools for the Korean Youth Risk Behaviors Web-based Survey. METHODS: The tool of health promoting school was developed based on a framework for action for health promoting schools in World Health Organization and Schools Health Index for middle and high schools in the United States by 2 professionals and 2 health teachers and revised as a result of the preliminary study. Data were collected with a questionnaire from teachers who attended the conference run by Korean Centers for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention in 2009. The data of 363 schools were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: As a result of comparing the scores of health promoting schools, three Clusters were identified. The Clusters differed significantly in presence of health teacher, location, and type of schools (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These results are a good reference in developing tailored strategies for health promoting schools, which will help improve health-promoting schools.
Adolescent ; Cluster Analysis ; Communicable Disease Control ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Risk-Taking ; United States ; World Health Organization ; Surveys and Questionnaires

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Twenty-five neonates were observed for the relationship between phenobrbital loading dose, plasma concentrations and control of seizures. Nineteen neonates (76%) had seizures controlled by phenobarbital alone. Effective plasma concentration were 10.0~31.1microgram/ml. Although 14 neonates had seizures controlled by phenobarbital concentration below 20microgram/ml, neonate required level above 30microgram/ml. We found that continued benefit was obtained until phenobarbital plasma concentrations reached 40microgram/ml and there was no adverse effects on cardiorespiratory function. We recommend that plasma phenobarbital concentrations should equal or surpass 40microgram/ml before additional anticonvulsants are used for neonates with seizure.
Anticonvulsants ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Phenobarbital* ; Plasma ; Seizures*

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the prevalence and functional impairment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and premenstrual syndrome(PMS) in young women. METHODS: A total of 1063 female college students were recruited from two urban areas(Seoul and Suwon) of Korea. Questionnaires for sociodemographic data and risk factors of PMDD, attitude about menstruation, and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool(PSST) were applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe moderate to severe PMS and PMDD were 16.9% and 11.7%, respectively. There were differences in the alcohol and coffee consumption, severity of menstrual cramp, and family history of PMS among the moderate to severe PMS, PMDD, and no/mild PMS groups. Although some participants did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for PMDD, they showed significant functional impairment. Participants with negative attitude about menstruation reported premenstrual symptoms more frequently than those with positive or ambivalent attitude about menstruation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PMS and PMDD were prevalent and associated with functional impairment in young females. Some participants reported significant functional impairments although they did not meet the full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PMDD. Negative attitude about menstruation was associated with more premenstrual symptoms experiences.
Coffee ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Menstruation ; Muscle Cramp ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors

Bronchiectasis means a permanent abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi owing to destruction of theelastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. Radiological study is the most importat and mandatory procedure. Especially bronchography is essential for the definitive diagnosis of bronchiectasis and for theprecise delineation of the type and extent of the disease. The radiological and clinical findings of 48 cases ofbronchiectasis diagnosed by bronchography and treated at Chosun University Hospital during the 5 years fromJanuary 1980 to Dec. 1984 were analyzed retrospectively. The results were as follows; 1. Among the 48 cases, 34cases(70.8%) were male and 14 cases(29.2%) were female. Peak incidence was in second decade. 2. Chronic cough,productive sputum and hemoptysis are main symptoms and others are chest pain, dyspnea and recurrent bouts ofpneumonia. The most common physical sign is persistent moist rales over the involved area in 23 cases(47.9%).Others are no sign in 17 cases(35.4%), wheezing in 11 cases(22.9%) and digit clubbing in 3 cases(6.3%). 3. Thepresumed causes were composed of not known in 30 cases(62.5%) and complications of measles in 7 cases(14.6%),pertusis in 5 cases(10.4%) and pneumonia in 4 cases(8.3%). Two cases were Kartagener's syndrom and unilateralhyperlucent lung. 4. Plain chest roentgenographic findings were abnormal in 42 cases(87.5%) but normal in 6cases(12.5%). The most common radiological findings was accentuation of lung markings in 36 cases(85.7%) theothers are include in order of frequency; pneumonic infiltration, linear radiolucencies, cystic radiolucencies,decreased affected lung volume air-fluid level and pleural thickening. 5. Bilateral bronchiectasis was demonstrated in 11 cases(22.9%) and the disease was much more often involved left lung than right. The mostcommonly involved lobe is left lower lobe, and the most common site of involvement was the posterior basal segmentof the lower lobe. The type of bronchiectasis is cylindrical in 22 cases(45.8%), varicose in 11 cases(22.9%),saccular in 9 cases(18.8%) and mixed type in 6 cases(12.5%)
Bronchi ; Bronchiectasis ; Bronchography ; Chest Pain ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung ; Male ; Measles ; Pneumonia ; Respiratory Sounds ; Retrospective Studies ; Sputum ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: Alterations in ventricular loading conditions lead to changes in action potential duration via mechanoelectrical feedback. A decrease in load immediately leads to prolongation of repolarization. QT interval and QT dispersion were measured to determine the long-term effect of changes in ventricular systolic load on the ventricular repolarization. METHOD: Corrected QT interval and QT dispersion were measured in 26 patients before and 3-6 months after valvuloplasty for pulmonary stenosis. To determine the effect of ventricular load on ventricular repolarization, patients were divided in 2 groups; Group 1 was those patients with a greater than 30 mmHg and Group 2 was those patients with a less than 30 mmHg decrease in right ventricular systolic pressure. RESULTS: Corrected QT interval (412.6+/-14.5 msec vs 426.4+/-16.8 msec, p < 0.05) and QT dispersion (35.0+/-7.3 msec vs 45.7+/-14..1 msec, p < 0.05)were increased significantly only in Group 1 after vlavuloplasty. CONCLUSION: It suggested that mechanoelectrical interactions are operative for long duration in humans that changes in ventricular load after successful pulmonary valvuloplasty showed long-term effect on the ventricular repolarization.
Action Potentials ; Balloon Valvuloplasty* ; Blood Pressure ; Humans ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the importance and contribution of 9 nursing outcomes and their indicators that could be applied to cerebrovascular patients. METHODS: Data were collected from 175 neurosurgical nurses working at two university affiliated hospitals and five secondary hospitals located in Gwang-ju. The Fehring method was used to estimate outcome content validity(OCV) and outcome sensitivity validity(OSV) of nursing outcomes and their indicators. Stepwise regression was used to evaluate relationship between outcome and its indicators. RESULTS: The core outcomes identified by the OCV were Tissue Perfusion: Cerebral, Nutritional Status, Neurological Status, and Wound Healing: Primary Intention, whereas highly supportive outcomes identified by the OSV were Oral Health, Self-Care: ADL, and Nutritional Status. All the critical indicators selected for Fehring method were not included in stepwise regression model. By stepwise regression analysis, the indicators explained outcomes from 19% to 52% in importance and from 21% to 45% in contribution. CONCLUSION: This study identified core and supportive outcomes and their indicators which could be useful to assess the physical status of cerebrovascular patients. Further research is needed for the revision and development of nursing outcomes and their indicators at neurological nursing area.
Activities of Daily Living ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Humans ; Intention ; Nutritional Status ; Oral Health

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia with a QRS pattern of right bundle branch block and left axis deviation that is sensitive to verapamil is electrophysiologically distinct arrhythmia entity but descriptions in pediatric ages are infrequent. This study attempted to describe the clinical presentation and dignostic clues from the surface ECG in children with idiopathic left venteicular tachycardia. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, electrocardiograms, Holter recordings, echocardiographic reports of 10 children with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia who have been managed at Sejong General Hospital and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from January 1991 to July 1996. Follow-up periods are 2 months to 5 years(mean=26 months). RESULTS: 1) Age of tachycardia onset was 8 months to 14 years(median=4.3 years). In 3 children tachycardia began from infancy. The main complaint in older children was palpitation and chest discomfort but young childen complained abdominal pain during tachycardia attack. Tachycardia was paroxysmal and sustained. Tachycardia responded to intravenous use of verapamil in 9 patients and was controlled by chronic verapamil medication in 6 patients. 2 patients were well without medication. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was done in an adolescent patient successfully. 2) In sinus rhythm, surface ECG showed normal QRS axis and normal QRS morphologies in all patients. During ventricular tachycardia, the heart rate was 183 to 270 beats/min. The taxhycardia of RBBB morphology was observed in all patients. The mean QRS duration was 109+-12ms and the QRS axis was -50* to -90*. Themean RS interval was 60+-12ms. AVdissociation was found on surface RCG in all patients and confirmed in 4 patients by transesophageal ECG. We tried rapid transesophageal atrial pacing in 3 patients and could induce and terminate the ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic left ventricular tachycaedia is rare in childhood and is seen from infancy. Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia is generally benign but occasionally causesmyocardial dysfunction. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia with a QRS pattern of right bundle branch block amd left axis deviation that is sensitive to verapamil in children should not be confused with supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy and most helpful diagnostic clue is AV dissociation in surface ECG.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Bundle-Branch Block ; Catheter Ablation ; Child ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Rate ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Tachycardia ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Tachycardia, Ventricular* ; Thorax ; Verapamil

BACKGROUND: Chaotic atrial rhythm (CAR) is characterized by the presence of three or more P-wave morphologic features on the surface electrogram, absence of a dominant atrial pacemaker, and variable P-P, R-R, and P-R intervals with an atrial rate of over 100 beats/min. CAR is infrequently seen in pediatric ages and its clinical course, management and underlying mechanism are uncertain. We report our recent experience with 11 infants with CAR and describe their clinical characteristics and reponse to treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reveiwed the medical records, electrocardiograms, Holter recordings, echocrdiographic reports of 11 cases of CAR managed at Sejong general hospital and Asan medical center from January 1991 to June 1995. RESULTS: 1) All patients were < or =6 months old and 5 of 11 patients had symptoms at neonatal period. The duration of follow-up was 3-42 months(mean : 18 months). 2 patients had structural heart disease and 3 patients showed signs of ventricular dysfunction. In 10 of 11 patients tachycardia was sustained or recurrent. 1 patient died of severe congestive heart failure due to incessant rapid tachycardia. 2) 3 of 10 patients took digoxin only and others took more than 2 medications. Full control within 1 month after medication was in 2 patients, with digoxin only in one and digoxin and amiodarone in another patient. At discharge, state of arrhythmia control in 8 patients with medications were full control in 2, good control in 3, and partial control in 3. At last follow-up, full control in 5, good control in 1 were confirmed through Holter recordings and the other 4 patients showed sinus rhythm in surface electrocardiograms. The total duration of medications were < or =1 year except 1 patient. 3) In 3 patients with ventricular dysfunction, ventricular function was normalized after restoration of sinus rhythm. CONCLUSION: CAR in children usually occurs in the first month of life and genenally takes benign course, but sometimes it causes severe congestive heart failure or ventricular dysfunction. Frequently, the patients remain asymptomatic despite persistence of the tachycardia for weeks or months. CAR is difficult to convert to sinus rhythm with medications but tends to resolve spontaneously within 1 year. We think treatment is necessary only in the symptomatic patients with rapid ventricular response and it is enough to control the ventricular rate with antiarrhythmic agents.
Amiodarone ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Child ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Digoxin ; Electrocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Infant ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia ; Ventricular Dysfunction ; Ventricular Function

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effect of home visiting care service and to evaluate the effect from the cost-benefit perspective. METHODS: Target participants were enrolled in 2007~2008 for home visiting care and provided with a home visiting nursing service for more than 18 months in J Ward of S City. Of 391 participants, 244 who satisfied the inclusion criteria were used in the final analysis. Cost-benefit analysis was done using the net benefit and benefit/cost ratio. RESULTS: After providing the home care nursing service, the blood pressure control rate increased from 50.8% to 75.4%. Of the subjects, 39.8% maintained their blood pressure level within the target range. As a whole, the net benefit of home visiting care per person ranged from 434,964.86 to 447,112.43 won and the benefit/cost ratio ranged from 2.82 to 2.84. CONCLUSION: Home visiting care for vulnerable populations with hypertension was effective in both maintaining blood pressure and reducing blood pressure to the target range. Therefore these results are especially useful for establishing the value of home visiting services for policy makers as well as for prioritizing vulnerable populations.
Administrative Personnel ; Blood Pressure ; Cost-Benefit Analysis* ; Home Care Services ; House Calls* ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Nurses, Community Health ; Nursing Services ; Vulnerable Populations*