The use of hormonal stimulation in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) leads to increased production of embryos for ET. So to avoid high pregnancies and to allow conception in future, unstimulated cycles, cryopreservation of spare embryos is desirable. One of the improvement of cryopreservation methods is vitrification. We cryopreserved mouse day 3 embryos by vitrification using the three different vitrification solution (EFS40, VSll and VS3a). EFS40 solution is consisted of 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol, Ficol170 30% (w/v) and 0.5M sucrose and VSll is 6.0M ethylene glycol and 1.8M glycerol. And VS3a is 6.5M glycerol and 6% (w/v) BSA (bovine serum albumin). First we tested the toxicity of three vitrification solution by exposure to these solution during 3 min. After washing by thawing solution, the survival rates of each groups are 95.5%, 90.9% and 84.4% (EFS40, VS11 and VS3a). High percentages of them developed to expanded blastocyst and hatching embryos in culture 48hrs 94.2%, 97.7%, 100% and 97.4% (no treatment group, EFS40, VS11 and VS3a). So there is no significant differences among the each group. Second, after thawing of vitirfied embryos, the survival rates of each groups are 96.8% (slow freeze), 94.1% (EFS40), 85.5% (VS11) and 80.0% (VS3a, P vs. no freeze or EFS40 is 0.01). Vitrified embryos exhibited a high rate of development in vitro after 48hrs culture. The percentages of each group to blastocyst and hatching embryos are 88.7% (no freeze), 91.8% (slow freeze), 93.4% (EFS40), 87.7% (VS11) and 73.0% (VS3a, P vs. other group is 0.01). The results suggest that there is no significant differences in exposure of various vitrification solution and day 3 mouse embryos can be vitrified in solution EFS40 and VS11 by simple procedure.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cryopreservation* ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures* ; Ethylene Glycol ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Glycerol ; Humans ; Mice* ; Pregnancy ; Sucrose ; Survival Rate ; Vitrification*

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma*

BACKGROUND: The activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and the modulation of their expression by inducers in the skin are the key factors for understanding of pharmacological and toxic effects of topically applied drugs. The role of these enzymes is of major importance, as they may contribute to determine the steady-state levels of biologically active substances. 3-Methylcholanthrene and all-trans- retinoic acid have been known to be inducers of the drug metabolizing enzymes. And all-trans- retinoic acid has many biological actions including anti-cancer effects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on inducing the expression and modulation of genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes as well as to estimate the role of all-trans-retinoic acid in carcinogenesis and drug interactions. METHODS: We analyzed the activities of CYP1A1(Cytochrome P450 1Al), NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase, UGT1 and GST after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid to the Sprague-Dawley male rats. We observed the inducible gene expression of CYP1A1, UGT1, GSTJt by RT-PCR and the genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, UGT1, GSTK by PCR. RESULTS: 1. The expression of CYP1A1, NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase, UGT1 and GST was induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid. That of NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase and UGT1 is pronouncedly enhanced by all-trans- retinoic acid. 2. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid on inducing the expression of CYP1A1 and UGT1 correlated with an increase of mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1 and UGT1. The modulation of mRNA expression levels of GST was downregulated by all-trans-retinoic acid. 3. The genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 was induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans- retinoic acid, and that of GSTM1 was not affected by the inducers. The induction of genetic polymorphism of GST was down regulated by all-trans-retinoic acid. CONCLUSION: 3-Methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid modulate the inducible expression and genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes differentially. All-trans-retinoic acid can modulate the metabolism of procarcinogen such as 3-methylcholanthrene by inducing drug metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes by 3-methylcholanthrene, all-trans-retinoic acid and other drugs could help to understand their respective roles in drug interactions and carcinogenesis.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Cytochromes ; Drug Interactions ; Gene Expression* ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolism ; Methylcholanthrene ; NADP ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Skin* ; Tretinoin*

No abstract available.
Carcinogenesis* ; Oenothera biennis*

No abstract available.
Anemia, Aplastic* ; Hepatitis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that affect suicidal ideation in patients with chronic mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. METHODS: The research participants were 160 patients with mental illnesses residing in B City and G Province. They responded to questionnaires about their suicidal ideation, self-esteem, depression, family support, social support, and internalized stigma of mental illness. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and STEPWISE multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: History of self-esteem, Depression, Social support, Psychiatric diagnosis of MDD and suicide attempt showed an explanatory power for 64% of suicidal ideation in patients with chronic mental illnesses. CONCLUSION: Specialized health and medical service personnel providing services to patients with chronic mental illnesses must determine the risk factors and protective factors for suicidal ideation associated with each illness, and establish a more individualized and systemized case management system based on customized approach.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Case Management ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia* ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide

The purposes of this study are to define the scope of occupational health management and to classify occupational management by review of related journals from 1945 to 1994 in Korea. The steps of this study were as follows: (l)Search of secondary reference; (2) Collection and review of primary reference; (3) Survey; and (4) Analysis and discussion. The results were as follows; 1. Most of the respondents majored in occupational health(71.6%), and were working in university (68.3%), males and over the age 40. Seventy percent of the respondents agreed with the idea that classification of occupational health management is necessary, and 10% disagreed. 2. After integration of the idea of respondents, we reclassified the scope of occupational health management. It was defined 3parts, that is, occupational health system, occupational health service and others (such as assessment, epidemiology, cost-effectiveness analysis and so on). 3. The number of journals on occupational health management was 510. It was slightly increased from 1986 and abruptly increased after 1991. The kinds of journals related to occupational health management were The Korean Journal of occupational Medicine(18.2%), several kinds of Medical College Journal(17.0%), The Korean Journal occupational Health(15.l%), The Korean Journal of preventive Medicine(15.l%) and others(34.6%). As for the contents, the number of journals on occupational health management systems was 33(6.5%) and occupational health services 477(93.5%). Of the journals on occupational health management systems, the number of journals on the occupational health resource system was 15(45.5%), occupational finance system 8(24.2%), occupational health management system 6(l8.2%), occupational organization 3(9.1%) and occupational health delivery system l(3.0%). of the journals on occupational health services, the number of journals on disease management was 269(57.2%), health management 116(24.7%), working environmental management 85(18.1%). As for the subjects, the number of journals on general workers was l85(71.l%), followed by women worker, white color workers and so on. 4. Respondents made occupational health service(such as health management, working environmental management and health education) the first priority of occupational health management. Tied for the second are quality analysis(such as education, training and job contents of occupational health manager) and occupational health systems(such as the recommendation of systems of occupational and general disease and occupational health organization). 5. Thirty seven respondents suggested 48 ideas about the future research of occupational health management. The results were as follows: (l) study of occupational health service 40.5%; (2) Study of organization system 27.1%; (3) Study of occupational health system (e.g. information network) 8.3%; (4) Study of working condition 6.2%; and (5) Study of occupational health service analysis 4.2%.
Classification* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Disease Management ; Education ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Occupational Health Services ; Occupational Health*

Congenital hepatic fibrosis is an uncommon disease of children and young adults with two major risks: gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by portal hypertension, and cholangitis related to bacterial infection of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterizeed by stony hard hepatomegaly and portal hypertension with rather well preserved hepatic function and architecture, and frequent association of the renal lesions. We have recently experienced a case of congenital hepatic fibrosis in a 24 year-old Korean male. The chief complaint was hematemesis from esophageal varices. There were marked hepatosplenomegaly, mild pancytopenia and the liver function test was within normal engorgement and dilatation of portal and splenic veins and multiple cysts of both kidneys.
Child ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Cysts

The immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta), epidermal growth factor(EGF) and alpha-1-antitrypsin(AAT) was studied in 47cases of endoscopic biopsy matearials of gastric carcinoma to determine me correlation to the expression of alpha fetoprotein(AFP). And immunoreactivity of the antigens was correlated to me degree of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and histologic differentiation of the tumors. And the results were analyzed to elucidate pathological AFP-producing gastric cancer. The results were summarized as follows. AFP immunoreactivity was demonstrated in 30 cases(63.8%) of the tumors, TGF-beta in 26 cases(55.3%), EGF in l4 cases(29.8%) and AAT in l0 cases(21.3%). The incidence of expression of the antigens was significantly higher in the cases of elevated serum AFP(>2ng/ml) than that of the cases with normal serum AFP(p<0.05). There was no relation between the expression of antigens and histological differentiation of gastric cancer. The expression of AFP and TGF-beta revealed good correlation(k=0.72). The relation between expression of TGF-beta and AAT and the degree of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes disclosed negative correlation(p<0.05). These results suggest that TGF-beta and AAT prodution contribute to the worse prognosis of AFP-producting gastric cancer. Possible immunosuppressive action of TGF-beta and AAT in the cancer tissue is discussed.
Incidence ; Biopsy ; Stomach Neoplasms

A rare case of hepatic metastasis with a choriocarcinomatous component from a composite adenocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon in a 60-year-old man is reported. The hepatic metastasis displayed choriocarcinoma with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. The tumor cells were poorly differentiated with scattered foci of bizzare syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Retrospective examination of the previous colonic carcinoma proved that the tumor was composed of two distinctive elements. One was a moderately well differentiated adenocarcinoma located in mucosa and submucosa. The other was a deep seated and undifferentiated carcinoma which was made up of hyperchromatic bizzare cells with syncytiotrophoblastic cells. There were transitional foci from adenocarcinoma to undifferentiated carcinoma with trophoblastic cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed beta-hCG expression in the undifferentiated cells of both the primary and the metastatic tumors. Implications for the possible origin and cause of tumor cell heterogeneity are briefly discussed.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Carcinoma ; Choriocarcinoma* ; Colon ; Colon, Sigmoid* ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Necrosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Population Characteristics ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Trophoblasts