Orthopantomogram is commonly used to evaluate root parallelism. "Good parallelism" between roots is widely accepted as one of the guidelines of a successful orthodontic treatment. In case there was a large angle between crown axis and root axis, and if we valued only the position of crown in establishing occlusal relationship without considering of the situation of root, the problem of root arrangement between adjacent teeth would be occurred. The estimate of root parallelism in mesiodistal direction before and after orthodontic treatment must be emphasized. The intent of this study was to determine the clinical importance and correlation of the angle between crown axis and root axis. Orthopantomograms of 105 orthodontic patients being treated in Yonsei university were used in this study. Twenty-eight teeth in both maxilla and mandible were selected and analyzed quantitively to evaluate the angle between crown axis and root axis, and obtain the correlationship among the individual teeth. The results are as follows: 1. Among the teeth presenting normal distribution, the maxillary right canine showed the largest mean valuer 5.73+/-4.42degrees), which was composed of the crown-root angles, and the mandibular left lateral incisor showed the smallest mean valuer 0.60+/-3.76degrees). 2. The crown-root angles of the maxillary incisors and the first molars, and the mandibular central incisors and the first molars didn`t show normal distribution and the ranges of these angles were dispersed. 3. Significant differences were present between the crown axis and the root axis except for lower first premolars. (p<0.05) 4. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between right and left side. (p<0.05) 5. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between male and female except for lower left first premolar. (p<0.05) 6. In the upper right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine. In the upper left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor. In the lower right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, first molar and second molar. In the lower left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine, first molar and second molar. (p<0.05)
Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Bicuspid ; Crowns* ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Tooth

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic therapy has proven an effective method of treatment on the majority of patients with pyogenic lung abscess and infected bulla. When medical therapy has failed, pulmonary resection is the current generally recommended therapy. But nowdays complications of percutaneous tube drainage has decreased with the use of small catheter. So we evaluated the effect of percutaneous tube drainage as an alternative therapy to the pyogenic lung abscess and infected bulls refractory to medical therapy in preference of the pulmonary resection. METHOD: Nine cases of the lung abscess and three cases of infected bulls which has large cavity size over 6cm, and has underlying diseases such as lung cancer, diabetes mellitus, refractory to over 1 week of antibiotics, were performed percutaneous tube drainage with All Purpose Drainage catheter(Medi-tech, Watertown, USA) under fluoroscopy. RESULTS: All the cases except one case which complicated empyema was improved clinically. Fever was down within 4days of percutaneous tube drainage(mean : 1.9days). Mean duration of tube drainage was 9.9days. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous tube drainage is an effective and relatively safe procedure in the management of lung abscesses that do not response to medical therapy We speculate this procedure should be considered as an alternative therapy for the lung abscess refractory to medical therapy in preference to the surgery. The safety and effectiveness of this procedure in infected bulla should be evaluated with an additional study.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Catheters ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drainage* ; Empyema ; Fever ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Lung Abscess* ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung*

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract is the most common site of nosocomial infections, accounting for 35% of all nosocomial infections. About 80-90% of these urinary tract infections are associated with urethral catheter insertion. Recently, we experienced an outbreak of nosocomial UTI (urinary tract infection) caused by Candida spp. in the surgical ICU (SICU) and we investigated the cause of UTI outbreak. METHODS: We collected data from clinical records and observed the current methods of care of urethral catheters in the SlCU. During the outbreak, we investigated the current procedures and maintenance care of urethral catheter insertion and educated the staff on the correct methods of the catheter insertion and care. We performed surveillance cultures of unused new urine bags, RESULTS: Between May 2000 and June 2000, 17 Candida spp. strains were isolated from urines of 17 patients hospitalized in the SICU of National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital. All infections were attributed to the care of urethral catheter insertion and contaminated bags. We identified that routine bladder irrigation and emptying urine to a common urinal have been done incorrectly during the outbreak period. Rodotorula spp. was isolated from 4 urine bags (50% contamination rate) out of 8 unused new urine bags by surveillance cultures. CONCLUSION: The causes of the UTI outbreak caused by Candida spp. was terminated by outbreak investigation and change of contaminated urine bag.
Candida* ; Catheters ; Cross Infection ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Catheters ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

The aspergillus tracheobronchitis is distinctive manifestation of invasive aspergillosis, in which infection is limited completely or predominantly to the tracheobronchial tree. It accounts for about 7 to 10 percent of cases of invasive disease. Grossly, such disease may take the mucosal exudate and obstruct partially the airway lumen or completely the occlusive mucous/fungus plugs. Microscopically, the superficial portion of the airway wall is acutely inflamed and contain fungal hyphae. However, infection is often limited to the mucosa. We report a case of aspergillus tracheobrochits in a 54 year-old man who presented cough, progressive dyspnea with wheezing, and mucus plug. Bronchoscopy showed mucosal exudate and plug.Bronchoscopic biopsy showed aspergillus hyphae and inflammation in the mucosa. He was successfully treated with itraconazole.
Aspergillosis ; Aspergillus* ; Biopsy ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough ; Dyspnea ; Exudates and Transudates ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Inflammation ; Itraconazole ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus ; Respiratory Sounds ; Trees

We have analysed 72 cases of geriatric patients over 70 year of age who underwent anesthesia in our Aospital from Jan. 1970 to May 1979 and the results were as follows; 1) Male patients were more than female(1.05: 1). (Male, 37 cases(51.4%) and female, 35cases (48. 6%). 2) By ASA classification, physical status was class II in 32 cases, E II in 24 cases, III in 12 cases, E III in 2 cases and IV in 2 eases. 3) The number of the patients of general surgery department(46.63%) was highest. 4) Preoperative problems were cardiovascular diseases including hypertension (11cases) and LVH(25 cases), arrhythmia(6cases), tachycardia(4cases), RBBB(2cases) and bradycardia (2 cases) in EKG. 5) Preoperative pulmonary disease including pulmonary tbc(14 cases), chronic bronchitis (6 cases), and emphysema(4 cases) was revealed in the chest PA. 6) There was no mortality during the operative or postoperative period.
Anesthesia ; Bradycardia ; Bronchitis, Chronic ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Classification ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Lung Diseases ; Male ; Mortality ; Postoperative Period ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: A healthy diet is important for the prevention and management of major chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. However, the effect of dietary intervention-based education and consultation has not been satisfactory. This study sought to investigate the effects of a diet intervention supplying food directly to the workplace cafeteria. METHODS: Study subjects included 36 employees (23 men) staffed at two companies located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Participants were supplied with liquid meals made mainly with fruits and vegetables for breakfast and dinner. Lunch was supplied as well and comprised of a balanced diet. Consumption of other foods, except water and provided snacks, were prohibited. The program also included light exercise, yoga, and mind-body control for 20 minutes, three times a week. Changes in anthropometric and metabolic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: None of the subjects complained of serious adverse effects or dropped out of the program. Post-intervention mean body weight and body fat mass decreased significantly (-3.3 kg and -2.0 kg respectively, p<0.001 for both comparisons). There were additional reductions in systolic blood pressure (-6.7 mmHg, p<0.001), fasting glucose (-9.0 mg/dL, p<0.001), total cholesterol (-13.9 mg/dL, P=0.005), triglyceride (-44.0 mg/dL, p<0.001), and insulin (-2.4 uIU/mL, P=0.007). The satisfaction rate of the program was 88%. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a diet intervention supplying food directly to the workplace cafeteria could succeed in decreasing body weight and improving metabolic parameters, most likely due to high compliance.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Compliance ; Diet ; Fasting ; Fruit ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Light ; Lunch ; Meals ; Obesity ; Pilot Projects ; Snacks ; Triglycerides ; Vegetables ; Yoga

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of different isolation policies in reducing the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in hospital in-patients. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of an isolation policy on transmission of MRSA in the 745-beds hospital. First period, all patients with MRSA (March - July 2000) were not isolated Second period, strict isolation policies were performed (August 2000 - January 2002). All patients with MRSA were isolated in separated room, hand hygiene using alcohol handrub, gowning and g1oving, apply of MRSA notice sticker, criteria in isolation remove, separated disinfection and wastement. Third period, semi strict isolation policies were performed (February 2002 - August 2005). Some patients with MRSA were isolated in separated room and others were admitted in general ward for bed shortage. Only some practices were performed in hand washing and separated disinfection in general ward. RESULTS: The rates of MRSA nosocomial infection per patients during 1st, 2nd, and 3rd surveillance were reported 0.56, 0.23, and 0.42 (P<0.05). Patient-days rate of MRSA nosocomial infection during 1st, 2nd, and 3rd surveillance were reported 0.62, 0.27, and 0.38 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: With many different isolation policies, it was possible to reduce nosocomial infection of MRSA. In this study, strict isolation policies (2nd period) were the most effective practices in reducing MRSA infection.
Cross Infection ; Disinfection ; Hand Disinfection ; Hand Hygiene ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infection Control ; Methicillin Resistance* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus* ; Patients' Rooms ; Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to obtain basal information to establish a proper birth-encouraging policy in the future through the survey of the attitude towards childbirth and its related factors among female students in junior, senior high school, and university. METHODS: A survey was performed for 2 weeks in June, 2006, for a total of 688 female students which included 185 ones in a girls' junior high school and 242 ones in a girls' senior high school in Sacheon, and 261 ones in two universities in Jinju. The selfadministered questionnaires developed by the authors included the socio-demographic characteristics, the attitude towards childbirth, the preference of a son for their future child, the belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage, the seriousness perception of low birth rate in Korea, frequencies of education in school about low birth rate. The attitude was measured by an answer to the question of 'To what degree do you think you are going to have a child(or children)?' RESULTS: The proportion of positive attitude towards their future childbirth was 76.2% in junior high school, 63.9% in high school, and 82.8% in university students (p<0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, the significant factors related with positive attitude towards future childbirth were school grade, preference of a son for their future children, and belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage. CONCLUSIONS: It suggests that the related factors with positive attitude towards future childbirth need to be considered to make a proper birth policy.
Birth Rate ; Child ; Education ; Female* ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Parturition* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Art program has been found to enhance mood such as increasing motivation, self-expression and decreasing depression in older adults. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clay art and drawing on depression and self-expression among elderly people at a long-term care center. METHODS: The research was a pre-test and post-test non-equivalent design. Sixty older patients (clay art program=28. Drawing art program=32) over the age of 65 were recruited from 2 long-term care hospitals to participate in the 5 weeks program. Each group was scheduled with 10,120-minute evaluation sessions, twice per week. Test measures were completed before and after the 5 week intervention period for all participants. The data was collected from April 27 to May 29, 2015. It was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 using chi-square, t-test and paired t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant difference in the levels of depression (t=0.21, p=.830) and total score of self-expression (t=-0.10, p=.919) between the two groups. However, the pre-post scores of self-expression in the clay art program (t=0.22, p=.826) were improved compared to the drawing art program (t=0.80, p=.430). CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of clay art program for extended senior care applications.
Adult ; Aged* ; Art Therapy ; Depression* ; Humans ; Long-Term Care* ; Motivation

Eight cases of combine hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma(HCC-CC) of the liver were analysed along with their growth patterns and histologic subtypes to draw a possible implication in understanding of their histogenesis. The relative incidence of combined HCC-CC among the surgically resected primary carcinomas of the liver(485 cases) was 1.6%. The combination patterns varied and were classified as follows; the multinodular tumor, each consisting of HCC or CC element(type 1) was found in 1 case, the single tumor mass with two distinct compartments of HCC and CC(type 2) in 3, and the single tumor with random mixture of two elements(type 3) comprised the remaining 4 cases. Of the 7 cases of single tumor mass(type 2 and 3) HCC and CC comprised the major component in 5 and 2 cases, respectively. The histologic features of both HCC and CC elements were not different from those of isolated HCC and CC, except for two of CC element in type 3 which disclosed the intermediated differentiation or socalled cholangiolocellular carcinoma in part. We conclude that there is no significant difference in the relative incidence of combined HCC-CC among primary carcinomas of the liver and their subtypes compared to that in other countries, regardless of high incidence of both HCC and CC in Korea. Also, we discussed a possible histogenisis along a hypothesis that some of the combined HCC-CC be the consequence of interposition of different cell type from a new subclone into the growth of an initial single cell type of primary carcinoma of the liver.
Incidence ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular