PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships among menopausal symptom, self-efficacy, health promoting behaviors, and investigated factors affecting health promoting behaviors of teachers with middle-aged women experiencing menopause. METHODS: From September to October 2012, a convenience sample of 252 subjects aged 40 to 60 years was recruited from 8 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 5 high schools. The data analysis was done by ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Menopausal symptom of subjects was slightly lower than general middle aged women and the average level of health promoting behaviors was similar to general middle aged women. Health promoting behaviors were differentiated by severity of menopausal symptom, not by menstruation state. Menopausal symptom was negatively related to health promoting behaviors. The most significant factor affecting health promoting behaviors was self efficacy (14.3%). The combination of self efficacy, menopausal symptom, and elementary school teachers accounted for 20.1% of health promoting behavior. CONCLUSION: When developing health promotion program for teachers with middle-aged women, such program should consider self-efficacy, menopausal symptom, and school type.
Aged ; Climacteric ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Health Status ; Humans ; Menopause ; Menstruation ; Middle Aged ; Self Efficacy ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore and understand customized home visiting nurses' experiences in telephone visiting. METHODS: Qualitative data were collected from several discussions of 4 focus groups consisting of 20 customized home visiting nurses. All interviews were recorded and transcribed according to thematic content analysis processes. RESULTS: The five main themes on customized home visiting nurses' experiences of telephone visiting were 'greeting', 'counseling', 'using strategies', 'maintaining attitude for enhancing relations' and 'enduring difficulties'. The category of 'counseling' was composed of confirming, educating, supporting, adjusting, and indicating. And, the category of 'using strategies' included complimenting, scolding, persuading, compensating, and ignoring. CONCLUSION: Developing a standardized manual on telephone visiting is needed to guide an effective counseling. In order for a customized home visiting nurse to be a good telephone counselor, training of motivational interviewing is recommended.
Counseling ; Focus Groups ; House Calls* ; Motivational Interviewing ; Nurses, Community Health ; Telephone*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to obtain basal information to establish a proper birth-encouraging policy in the future through the survey of the attitude towards childbirth and its related factors among female students in junior, senior high school, and university. METHODS: A survey was performed for 2 weeks in June, 2006, for a total of 688 female students which included 185 ones in a girls' junior high school and 242 ones in a girls' senior high school in Sacheon, and 261 ones in two universities in Jinju. The selfadministered questionnaires developed by the authors included the socio-demographic characteristics, the attitude towards childbirth, the preference of a son for their future child, the belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage, the seriousness perception of low birth rate in Korea, frequencies of education in school about low birth rate. The attitude was measured by an answer to the question of 'To what degree do you think you are going to have a child(or children)?' RESULTS: The proportion of positive attitude towards their future childbirth was 76.2% in junior high school, 63.9% in high school, and 82.8% in university students (p<0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, the significant factors related with positive attitude towards future childbirth were school grade, preference of a son for their future children, and belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage. CONCLUSIONS: It suggests that the related factors with positive attitude towards future childbirth need to be considered to make a proper birth policy.
Birth Rate ; Child ; Education ; Female* ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Parturition* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find out preschool children's health status and their mothers' health management in the vulnerable classes. METHODS: The assessment tool was developed, taken into consideration existing studies, materials produced by the customized visiting health care system, and review of visiting nurses of health centers and related experts. Data were collected January to February 2010 from 259 mothers by visiting nurses, and analyzed using SAS program for descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Body weight less than 3 percentile was found for 5.0% children and over 97 percentile for 7.7%. Atopy was found in 17.8% children, no hand-washing after toileting and before meal in 30.9% and 36.7% respectively, no breakfast in 15.8%, and irregular meal in 32.0%. Sex education was made by 45.7% mothers, regular dental check by 56.6%, and hearing and eyesight test by 61.1% and 66.8% respectively. Home environment for upbringing is 34.3 in the scale of 41, and accident prevention 17.5 in the scale of 22. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to make an intervention on children's weight, personal sanitation and meal time in the vulnerable classes. Mothers need to be educated for appropriate health care, and home environments to improve upbringing and accident prevention.
Accident Prevention ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Community Health Nursing ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Behavior ; Hearing ; Humans ; Meals ; Mothers ; Phenothiazines ; Sanitation ; Sex Education

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe role conflict and job satisfaction of Neurosurgery Clinical Nurse Specialist(NCNS) and to identify associated factors. METHOD: The target populations was 77 NCNSs from 30 general hospitals. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: The overall mean scores of role conflict and job satisfaction were 3.60(+/-0.54) and 3.04(+/-0.46) respectively. Significant variables affecting role conflict were the working period as NCNS, the number of colleague NCNSs in working hospital, and assignment of prescription rights. The significant variable affecting job satisfaction was assignment of prescription rights. There was no statistically significant correlation between job and role conflict. CONCLUSION: The variable effecting both role conflict and job satisfaction was the extent of prescription rights. In order to improve the quality of patient care and to protect Neurosurgery Nurse Clinical Specialist, the enactment of law on prescription practice is needed.
Health Services Needs and Demand ; Hospitals, General ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction* ; Jurisprudence ; Neurosurgery* ; Nurse Clinicians* ; Patient Care ; Prescriptions ; Specialization ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct and test structural equation modeling on healthy menopausal transition in middle-aged women in order to identify variables affecting healthy menopausal transition. METHODS: Participants, 276 women, 45 to 60 years of age, with menopausal symptom score higher than 5 on the Korean version of Menopause Rating Scale, were recruited in three cities and one county of Gyeongnam Province. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 18.0 and AMOS version 20.0. RESULTS: After confirmatory factor analysis, one of the observed variables was excluded due to relatively low factor loading. The model fit indices for the hypothetical model were suitable for the recommended level: GFI=.93, CFI=.92, RMSEA=.05. Self-efficacy, self-differentiation, and menopausal symptoms explained 67.7% of variance in menopausal transition, and self-differentiation was the most influential factor for menopausal transition. Self efficacy and menopausal symptoms explained 9.6% of variance in menopausal management, although "menopausal symptoms" was not significant. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that nursing interventions to improve self-differentiation, self efficacy, menopausal management and decrease menopausal symptoms are critical for healthy menopausal transition in middle-aged women. Continued development of a variety of community-based nursing interventions to facilitate healthy menopausal transition is suggested.
Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; *Models, Theoretical ; Postmenopause ; Quality of Life ; Republic of Korea ; *Self Efficacy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Translating

The purpose of this study is to compare and to evaluate the effects of the degree of saturation on the progression of artificial root caries lesion. A total of 8 human premolars without any defects and cracks selected and the cementum were removed and the teeth were cleaned with ultrasonic device and pumice without fluoride. Each tooth was sectioned into 6 pieces and they were ground with #800 sandpaper until they had a thickness of 200microm. Specimens were applied with nail vanish except for the 2-3 mm window area after application of bonding agent. Under the constant pH, the specimens were divided into 6 groups (degree of saturation; 0.1415, 0.1503, 0.1597, 0.1676, 0.1771, 0.1977). Each group was immersed in acid buffer solution for 1, 2, 3, 5 days under controlled temperature (25degrees C) and imbibed in water and examined using the polarizing microscope. The results were as follows 1. Although the degree of saturation of demineralization solution decreased, the depth of penetration in the dentin was constant. 2. Erosion was observed on the surface of all the teeth in the group I, II. In the group III, IV, V, surfaces were not changed. The teeth in the group VI showed the more mineralized surface but not the shape of the dentinal tubules distinctively. 3. In all groups, the lesion progressed rapidly at the first day of the experiment, but increased gradually as time elapsed.
Bicuspid ; Dental Cementum ; Dentin* ; Fluorides ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Root Caries ; Tooth ; Ultrasonics ; Water

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among percieved social support, hope and quality of life of the cancer patients and to gain the baseline data for development of nursing intervention program for promoting quality of life in cancer patients. The design of this study was a cross sectional correlational survey. The subjects were 20 out and in-cancer patients in 5 general hospitals in Pusan The data were collected from July 2 to August 1. 2001. The instruments were the Percieved social support scale(16 items, 5 point scale) had developed by Tae(1986), Hope scale(12 items, 4point scale) developed by Nowotny(1989) and Quality of life scale(31 items, 10 point scale) developed by Tae et al.(2000). The data was analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using frequency & percentage, item mean & standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study was as follows: 1) The item mean score of quality of life was 6.05+/-1.16 (range 0-10). The heighest score of subarea of the quality of life was the spiritual wellbeing area (7.09+/-1.63) and the lowest score was social wellbeing area(5.53+/-1.65), The mean score of perceived social support was 52.65+/-10.32 (the lowest 1, the highest 80). The mean score of family support was32.71+/-6.66 (range 1- 40) and the mean score of medical team support was 19.93+/-5.95 (range 1- 40), The mean score of Hope was 37.02+/-5.64 (range 1- 48). 2) There were statistically significant difference in the score of quality of life according to the life effect of religion(F=3.97, p=0.00), treatment method(F=2.94, p=0.01), area of diagnosis (F=3.48, p=0.01), stage of disease (F=13.74, p= 0.00). 3) There was significant correlation between perceived social support(r=0.44, p=0.000 ; family support: r=0.334, p=0.000, medical support; r=0.395, p=0.000), hope(r=0.563, p= 0.000) and quality of life. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship among perceived social support, hope and quality of life. Therefore perceived social support, hope intervention programs should be developed to improve the quality of life in cancer patients.
Busan ; Diagnosis ; Hope* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Nursing ; Quality of Life*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of health promotion program on physiological stress, perceived stress and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women. METHODS: This study followed a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design. The subjects consisted of 57 middle-aged women(30 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group) who were recruited from the community health center in J city. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a health promotion program for 8 weeks, which was composed of yoga and teaching for 1 session per week. RESULTS: The health promotion program showed a statistical difference in blood pressure, pulse rate and perceived stress. However, there was not a statistical difference in serum cortisol, or menopausal symptoms. CONCLUSION: This health promotion program was partially effective for reducing stress and it was not effective for reducing menopausal symptoms in menopausal women. It is necessary to conduct a future study using a different time period, measurement time, and target population.
Blood Pressure ; Community Health Centers ; Female ; Health Promotion* ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Menopause ; Stress, Physiological ; Yoga

We investigated toluene exposure level, urinary hippuric acid concentrations, subjective symptoms and genotype of ALDH2 DNA in 134 exposed workers and 53 nonexposed workers for evaluating the effect of ALDH2 polymorphism on toluene metabolism and urinary hippuric acid concentration as biological exposure indices (BEI) of toluene. The results were as follows; 1. The percentage of inactive genotype of ALDH2 in exposed workers was lower than that of exposed (P=0.081). 2. The percentages of exposed workers with inactive genotype did not have any significant difference by the increase of toluene exposure level or work duration. 3. The frequency of drinking, monthly and maximum amount of alcohol intake in workers with normal genotype were significantly higher than those with inactive genotype. 4. The urinary hippuric acid concentration of nonexposed workers ,with inactive genotype was significantly lower than that with normal genotype. Under 100 ppm of toluene, similar but statistically insignificant trends were found, while above that concentration of toluene, reverse but statistically insignificant trends were found. 5. The number of acute and chronic subjective symptoms were increased positively with the concentration of toluene in workers with normal genotype, but ho such trends were found in workers with inactive genotype. 6. The result of simple linear regression between toluene and urinary hippuric acid concentrations showed a very significant positive linear relation-ship. The mean hippuric acid concentration of nonoccupational exposure was 0.289+/-0.227 (0.062-0.516) g/l. Toluene exposure level unable to discriminate with nonoccupational exposure estimated from regression equation, it range from 7.29 to 9.87 ppm. Considering above all things, it was useful to estimate the exposure level of toluene by means of analysing urinary hippuric acid concentration in both genotype workers, but the biological exposure indices (BEI) of both genotypes were different from each other. The BEI of the total exposed workers was 2.76 g/ I, which was lower than current criteria 3.0g/ I (2.5 g/g Cr), and it also suggest that the BEI for the exposed workers in our country be lowered to the appropriate level after further study.
DNA ; Drinking ; Genotype* ; Linear Models ; Metabolism ; Toluene*