Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interest. Sleep problems are not uncommon in children with autism spectrum disorders. Symptoms of insomnia are the most frequent sleep problems in individuals with ASD. Sleep problems can cause significant difficulties in the daily life of children with ASD and their families. Genetic factor, deregulations of melatonin synthesis, extraneous environmental stimuli and psychiatric and medical conditions may cause sleep problems. The first line treatment of sleep problems in ASD includes managements for potential contributing factors and parent education about sleep hygiene care for child and behavioral therapy. Supplementation with melatonin may be effective before considering other medications, such as risperidone, clonidine, and mirtazapine.
Autistic Disorder* ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Clonidine ; Education ; Genetics ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Melatonin ; Parents ; Risperidone ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

No abstract available.
Follow-Up Studies* ; Intermittent Urethral Catheterization*

Alcohol has been used as sedatives historically. The effect of alcohol on sleep is different according to its dose, timing of ingestion, and drinking frequency. Sleep problems may play a role in the development and course of alcohol-related disorders. Insomnia in alcohol-dependent patients is common and early treatment of insomnia may reduce the rate of relapse. Sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, periodic limbs movement disorder, and altered circadian rhythm may be more frequent in this patients. Management of sleep and alcohol problems is important in treating alcohol-related disorder and sleep disorders, respectively.
Alcohol-Related Disorders ; Circadian Rhythm ; Drinking ; Eating ; Extremities ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Movement Disorders ; Recurrence ; Restless Legs Syndrome ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

No abstract available.
Animals ; Interleukin-2 ; Mice*

No abstract available.

Severely worn dentition causes various complications such as loss of tooth structure, discoloration, pulp complications and loss of function and aesthetics. In this case, the patient showed particularly severe attrition in the anterior teeth and lack of space for restoration. The amount of vertical dimension was determined based on the diagnostic wax up, and the patient’s adaptation was evaluated by using a removable occlusal splint for 6 weeks. Thereafter, the coordination of the muscular nervous system, aesthetics, temporomandibular joint were re-evaluated for 3 months by restoring the fixed provisional restoration. Through the above treatment process, the final restoration was completed with full mouth fixed prosthesis using monolithic zirconia, and functionally and aesthetically stable results were obtained.

The incidence of conjoined twins is so rare that few anesthesiologists have an opportunity of managing them. Especially in Korea, there are only a few reports describing the anesthetic management for surgical separation of newborn conjoined twins. We experienced the successful anesthetic management for surgical separation of thoraco-xiphopagus conjoined twins without any particular problems. After applying the noninvasive monitors (ECG, pulse oximeter), one of the twins (twinA) with congenital heart disease was administered with intravenous ketamine for induction of anesthesia and intubated without neuromuscular blocker. Anesthesia was maintained with N2O-O2 and hand ventilation using Mapleson D breathing circuit. After maintaining airway of the twinA, the twinB was intubated and maintained with the same manner. Eighteen days after the separation procedure, the twinA with congenital heart disease died and the other one, twinB has been alive with normal growth and development.
Anesthesia ; Growth and Development ; Hand ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Ketamine ; Korea ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Respiration ; Twins, Conjoined* ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal blood flow changes in eyes with high myopia according to the pulsatile components of ocular blood flow analysis. METHODS: A total of 104 subjects (52 males and 52 females) were included in this study. One eye of each participant was randomly selected and assigned to one of four refractive groups, designated as, hyperopes (n = 20; refractive error, > or =+1.00 diopter [D]), emmetropes (n = 28; refractive error, +/-0.75 D), lower myopes (n = 33; refractive error, -1.00 to -4.75 D), and high myopes (n = 23; refractive error, < or =-5.00 D). Components of pulse amplitude (OBFa), pulse volume (OBFv), pulse rate (OBFr), and pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) were analyzed using a blood flow analyzer. Intraocular pressure and axial length were measured. RESULTS: Pulsatile components of OBFa, OBFv, and POBF showed positive correlations with refractive error and showed negative correlations with axial length (r = 0.729, r = 0.772, r = 0.781, respectively, all p < 0.001; r = -0.727, r = -0.762, r = -0.771, respectively, all p < 0.001). The correlations of refractive error and axial length with OBFr were irrelevant (r = -0.157, p = 0.113; r = 0.123, p = 0.213). High myopes showed significantly lower OBFa, OBFv, and POBF than the other groups (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Axial length changes in high myopes potentially influence choroidal blood flow, assuming the changes are caused by narrowing of the choroidal vessel diameter and increasing rigidity of the choroidal vessel wall. These finding explains the influence of axial length on OBFa, OBFv, and POBF, but not on OBFr. Thus, changes in axial length and the possible influence of these changes on the physical properties of choroidal vessels is the mechanism believed to be responsible for putting high myopes at risk for ocular vascular diseases.
Adult ; *Axial Length, Eye ; Choroid/*blood supply ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia/diagnosis/*physiopathology ; Regional Blood Flow/*physiology ; Young Adult

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of noncontact specular microscopy (NCSM) by comparing the measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT) to the measurement with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP). METHODS: One examiner measured the CCT of 50 eyes of 50 healthy young subjects using NCSM, AS-OCT, and USP. The mean values and correlations were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean CCT value was 546.92 +/- 32.06 microm with NCSM, 535.24 +/- 30.54 microm with AS-OCT, and 546.38 +/- 30.70 microm with USP. The CCT measurements with NCSM and USP were significantly thicker than with AS-OCT (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between the measurements obtained with NCSM and USP (p = 0.505). The 3 instruments were significantly correlated (r > 0.900 in all groups, p < 0.001 in all groups). CONCLUSIONS: CCT measurements of healthy eyes using NCSM are more correlated with USP than AS-OCT. The CCT measurement using NCSM is a better alternative for USP than AS-OCT.
Microscopy* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Ultrasonography