We aimed to understand the molecular changes in host cells that accompany infection by the seasonal influenza A H1N1 virus because the initial response rapidly changes owing to the fact that the virus has a robust initial propagation phase. Human epithelial alveolar A549 cells were infected and total RNA was extracted at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h post infection (h.p.i.). The differentially expressed host genes were clustered into two distinct sets of genes as the infection progressed over time. The patterns of expression were significantly different at the early stages of infection. One of the responses showed roles similar to those associated with the enrichment gene sets to known ‘gp120 pathway in HIV.’ This gene set contains genes known to play roles in preventing the progress of apoptosis, which infected cells undergo as a response to viral infection. The other gene set showed enrichment of ‘Drug Metabolism Enzymes (DMEs).’ The identification of two distinct gene sets indicates that the virus regulates the cell's mechanisms to create a favorable environment for its stable replication and protection of gene metabolites within 8 h.
Apoptosis ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression Regulation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans* ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human* ; Lung* ; Metabolism ; RNA ; Seasons

Double urethra is a very rare congenital disease. We observed and treated two cases of incomplete double urethra, one had ventral opening and stones, the other had subscrotal opening. And report with review of literatures.
Urethra*

Bacillus (B.) anthracis is the pathogen that causes fatal anthrax. Strain-specific detection of this bacterium using molecular approaches has enhanced our knowledge of microbial population genetics. In the present study, we employed molecular approaches including multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) analysis to perform molecular typing of B. anthracis strains isolated in Korea. According to the MLVA, 17 B. anthracis isolates were classified into A3a, A3b, and B1 clusters. The canSNP analyses subdivided the B. anthracis isolates into two of the three previously recognized major lineages (A and B). B. anthracis isolates from Korea were found to belong to four canSNP sub-groups (B.Br.001/2, A.Br.005/006, A.Br.001/002, and A.Br.Ames). The A.Br.001/002 and A.Br.Ames sub-lineages are closely related genotypes frequently found in central Asia and most isolates were. On the other hand, B. anthracis CH isolates were analyzed that belonged to the B.Br.001/002 sub-group which found in southern Africa, Europe and California (USA). B.Br.001/002 genotype is new lineage of B. anthracis in Korea that was not found before. This discovery will be helpful for the creation of marker systems and might be the result of human activity through the development of agriculture and increased international trade in Korea.
Africa, Southern ; Agriculture ; Anthrax ; Asia ; Bacillus ; Bacillus anthracis ; California ; Europe ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hand ; Human Activities ; Molecular Typing ; Tandem Repeat Sequences

Regulation for new standardized rescue record from of the 119 EMS system was established by law from February 1, 1998. We have recently evaluated the effectiveness of the record from. Records of 192 patients who visited the Emergency department of Sangggye Paik Hospital. Inje University by the 119 EMS system from February 1 to February 28, 1998 were analyzed statistically according to the contents of record form. In conclusion, the new standardized rescue record form of the 119 EMS system was effective in giving information of patients' history and analysing of the 119 EMS system. But, Detailed modification of the record form about disease entities is needed for proper initial evaluation of emergency patient.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Retrospective Studies*

A survey was performed in Korea to monitor the prevalence of five bovine arboviruses [Akabane virus, Aino virus, Chuzan virus, bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus, and Ibaraki virus] in arthropod vectors, such as Culicoides species. To determine the possible applications of survey data in annual monitoring and warning systems in Korea, we examined the prevalence of bovine arboviruses in arthropod vectors using RT-PCR. To compare the sensitivity and specificity of virus detection, nested PCR was also performed in parallel for all five viruses. Using the RT-PCR, the detection limits were at least up to 10(1.5), 10(2.8), 10(2.0), 10(1.8), and 10(4.0) TCID50/ml for Akabane virus, Aino virus, Chuzan virus, BEF virus, and Ibaraki virus, respectively. When nested PCR was performed using 1 micronl of PCR product, the detection limits were increased, to 10(0.05), 10(1.8), 10(1.0), 10(0.008), and 10(2.0) TCID50/ml for Akabane virus, Aino virus, Chuzan virus, BEF virus, and Ibaraki virus, respectively. Thus, nested PCR increased the sensitivity of the virus detection limit by 1~2 log. We pooled 30~40 mosquitoes in one sample. We collected 113 samples in 2006, 135 samples in 2007, and 100 samples in 2008. Among these samples, Chuzan virus and BEF virus genes were detected at a range between 0.82% and 1.19%, and Akabane virus, Aino virus, and Ibaraki virus genes were detected at less than 0.20%. These data may provide some insight into future epidemiological studies of bovine arboviral diseases in Korea.
Animals ; Arboviruses ; Arthropod Vectors ; Arthropods ; Cattle ; Ceratopogonidae ; Culicidae ; Ephemeral Fever ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Korea ; Limit of Detection ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Palyam Virus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viruses

Aino virus infection is characterized by abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities such as arthropgryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in calves. In Korea, Aino virus infection was first reported in 1997 by researchers who were investigating the cause of newborn calf deformities. Given the incidence of Aino-related deformities, the need for a study of the Aino virus infection status in Korea was recognized. In this study, we investigated the nationwide seroepidemiological status of Aino virus infection. A total of 9,921 serum samples collected between 1993 and 2001, and 23,760 serum samples between 2002 and 2007 were tested using a virus neutralization assay. The seroprevalence of Aino virus was 73.1, 63.8, 44.9, 56.0, 38.5, 28.4 18.3, 19.6, and 23.2%, respectively, between 1993 and 2001, and 43.8, 42.9, 50.7, 55.3, 31.4, and 25.4%, respectively, between 2002 and 2007. Aino virus infection does not pose a major threat to the bovine industry in Korea till now. The future prospects for Aino virus infection in cattle, however, may change with the global warming phenomena. The results of this study may serve as a basis for future epidemiological studies on Aino virus infection.
Animals ; Cattle ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Global Warming ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Stillbirth ; Viruses

A Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, coccus-shaped bacterium was isolated from a rabbit with keratoconjunctivitis. Colonies of the isolate were round, smooth, and exhibited hemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar. Scanning electron microscopy revealed 0.4 to 0.5 µm diameter oval cocci. Partial 16S rRNA gene (1446 bp) sequence analysis demonstrated the isolate had significant homology with the Moraxella cuniculi CCUG2154 strain isolated from a rabbit in Germany in 1973. Our isolate was designated as APQAB1701. Antibiotic susceptibility tests demonstrated that APQAB1701 was sensitive to 24 antibiotics; 3 of the antibiotics (nalidixic acid, spectinomycin, and colistin) had minimal inhibitory concentrations ≥ 32 µg/mL against the isolate.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Genes, rRNA ; Germany ; Keratoconjunctivitis* ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Moraxella* ; Rabbits ; Sequence Analysis ; Sheep ; Spectinomycin

Sjogren's syndrome is a hererogenous autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of the exocrine glands and accompanied by a variety of autoimmune phenomena. Sjogren's syndrome patients can develop symptoms of ocular and oral dryness as well as extraglandular complications including central and peripheral nervous system disease. Sometimes neuropathy precedes the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Adiets syndrome is characterized by tonic pupil and the absence of tendon reflex. Sweating abnormality and chronic peripheral polyneuropathy can also be present. We report a case of primary Sjogren's syndrome preceded by Adie's syndrome with peripheral neuropathy. A 26-year-old woman was admitted for photophobia and paresthesia. On examination, her pupils were anisocoric and did not react to light but constricted promptly to pilocarpin. Sensation decreased on her left side of body and deep' tendon reflexes were absent. Biopsy of minor salivary gland demonstrated infiltration by lymphocyte consistent with Sjogren's syndrome, but Schirmer test was negative. So she was diagnosed as Adie's syndrome with peripheral neuropathy. Five month later she complained of dry eye and dizziness. Rose bengal staining was positive. Sjogren's syndrome was diagnosed and she was discharged with local therapy for the sicca symptoms.
Adie Syndrome* ; Adult ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Exocrine Glands ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Paresthesia ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Photophobia ; Polyneuropathies ; Pupil ; Reflex, Stretch ; Rose Bengal ; Salivary Glands, Minor ; Sensation ; Sjogren's Syndrome* ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tonic Pupil

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the mean fetal biometry and to create a formulae for estimation of gestational week using sonographic biometry measurement. METHODS: A total 271 women of singleton gestation were involved in this study of ultrasonographic fetal biometry. During the period from June 1996 to March 1998, the length of CRL (Crown Rump Length), BPD (Biparietal Diameter), HC (Head Circumference), AC (Abdominal Circumference), HL (Humerus Length) and TL (Tibia Length) of fetuses in normal pregnancy were measured by ultrasonography at Samsung Cheil Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center. The gestational age prediction equations were derived from sigletons with the use of liner regression analysis. RESULTS: We present the percentile ranks of fetal CRL, BPD, HC, AC, HL and TL measurement from 11 to 39 week's gestation and mean value of fetal size at each week. These data were analyzed and several second grade equations were derived from the data. CONCLUSION: We created these authentic equations and tables for mean value of fetal biometry in normal pregnancy at each gestation week with minimal intervariable errors.
Biometry* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Pregnancy* ; Ultrasonography*

Bacillus (B.) anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is one of the most genetically monomorphic bacteria species in the world. Due to the very limited genetic diversity of this species, classification of isolates of this bacterium requires methods with high discriminatory power. Single nucleotide repeat (SNR) analysis is a type of variable-number tandem repeat assay that evaluates regions with very high mutation rates. To subtype a collection of 21 isolates that were obtained during a B. anthracis outbreak in Korea, we analyzed four SNR marker loci using nucleotide sequencing analysis. These isolates were obtained from soil samples and the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The SNR analysis was able to detect 13 subgenotypes, which allowed a detailed evaluation of the Korean isolates. Our study demonstrated that the SNR analysis was able to discriminate between strains with the same multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis genotypes. In summary, we obtained SNR results for four SNR marker loci of newly acquired strains from Korea. Our findings will be helpful for creating marker systems and help identify markers that could be used for future forensic studies.
Bacillus anthracis/*classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; *Genetic Variation ; *Minisatellite Repeats ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods/veterinary ; *Soil Microbiology