BACKGROUND: The effect of Video Display Terminals(VDT) Syndrome is well documented. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in systemic subjective symptoms between long term users of computers with that of the general population and to help plan to avoid the risk of developing Video Display Terminal Syndrome. METHOD: Data was collected for this study between August 1996 and February 1997. Two groups consisting of seventy(70) long term computer users(Exposed Subjects) and fifty nine(59) non users (Non Exposed Subjects), were selected for the survey. Data was gathered from the exposed subjects through their response to the survey questionnaire posted on the internet requiring detailed responses concerning ten systemic subjective symptoms that were experienced as a result of the long term exposure to VDT. Data was gathered from the non exposed subjects through written responses to the questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the more significant difference was the experience of ocular symptoms among the exposed group. The exposed group experienced in descending order eleven items of ocular symptoms. Congestion, strain, decreased visual acuity, ocular pain, and dryness. Among seven items of lifestyle, the exposed group characteristically exercised less(P<0.05) and did more home activity (P<0.05), characteristically lead healthier life than the non exposed group. Participation in exercise differed most among the groups. The exposed group participating in moderate exercise scored 517+/-551.6 compared to the non exposed group which exercised very vigorously(p<0.05). In comparison of subjective symptom and life styles per daily exposure time(over 8,10,16 hours daily) there was significant difference between 8 and 10hour exposers only in the stress item(P<0.05). In the exposure group there were less cardiovascular symptoms(P<0.05) due to more art activity(P<0.05), more cardiovascular symptoms and less sleep activity(P<0.001) and more ocular symptoms(P<0.05) due to higher levels of stress. CONCLUSIONS: By exercising, exposers can decrease the respiratory symptoms, and by seeking methods that enable efficient management of work time, the subjects can benefit from the reduced work time, and by seeking methods so that one receive less stress and can resolve them they can reduce their ocular symptoms, sleep problems, cardiovascular symptoms. And in their spare time, the subjects can be recommended to involve in art activity for each person, through PC indirectly. Designing the development of cyber gallery, museum, literature room, concert can reduce the oecur-rence rate of cardiovascular symptoms.
Computer Terminals ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Internet ; Life Style* ; Museums ; Visual Acuity ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Although joint infection with severe destruction remains a serious problem and severe bone loss is relative contraindication of arthrodesis, knee arthrodesis is most commonly a salvage procedure. Its goals are to relieve pain and restore the patient to functional level of activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results and complications of Ilizarov method for knee arthrodesis in the presence of infection. We retrospectively reviewed the records of twelve patients who had managed with knee arthrodesis with Ilizarov method. Indications for the operation included a infected skeletal defect secondary severe open trauma in four patients, an infection at the site of an arthroplasty in three (with failure of previous arthrodesis with monofixator in one), an infected charcot joint in four and one pyogenic arthritis spreading from osteomyelitis of proximal tibia. The average age of the patients at the time of operation was fifty-three years (range twenty-two to eighty years). Follow-up averaged 17 months. The minimum follow up periods was 9 months. Average duration of Ilizarov fixator application was 7.2 months. In 3 cases we performed corticotomy and internal bone transport to treat large bone defect (17cm, 8cm, 6.5cm). Autoiliac bone graft was done in fusion site in two cases, and in three cases we performed bone graft at the docking site. Solid osseous union occured in each patient. There was no reinfection and nonunion. Average shortening was 3.4 cm. Complications were related to pin tract. When last seen, all patients were free of pain and could walk without cruthes or cane. Despite its pin tract problems, bulky cumbersome and expensive apparatus, the Ilizarov method is one of effective method for knee arthrodesis in the presence of infection and large bone loss especially.
Arthritis ; Arthrodesis* ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic ; Arthroplasty ; Canes ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ilizarov Technique* ; Joints ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Osteomyelitis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibia ; Transplants

A clinical observation was made on 70 nephrectomized patients during the period from Jan, 1978 to June, 1981. The results were as follows. 1. The total number of inpatients during the period was 1,122 and nephrectomies were performed in 70 of the 744 total urologic operations (9.4%). 2. The age distribution showed the highest in 5th decade with 25.7% and the youngest case was observed at the age of 3, the oldest at 68 and 43 males and 27 females with male to female ratio 1.6:1. 3. The causative diseases of nephrectomy were tuberculosis (25.7%), renal stone (24.3%), renal injury (14.3%), renal tumor (10.0%) and hydronephrosis (8.0%) etc. 4. Percentage of nephrectomy in each disease were 39.1% in tuberculosis, 22.7% in renal stone, 31.3% in renal injury, 77.9 % in renal tumor and 50.0 % in hydronephrosis. 5. Surgical approaches consisted of frank subcostal approach in 38.6%, anterior abdominal extraperitoneal approach in 35.7 % and abdominal transperitoneal approach in 25.7 %. 6. Among the transfused patients who nephrectomized, the average amount of transfused whole bleed were 1757 ml on renal tumor, 1320 ml in renal injury, 700 ml in renal stone and 533 ml in renal tuberculosis. 7. Postoperative complications were postoperative bleeding in 3 cases, wound infection in 2 cases, paralytic ileus in 2 cases, wound disruption in 1 case, uremia in 1 case and upper G-I bleeding in 1 case.
Age Distribution ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Inpatients ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Renal ; Uremia ; Wound Infection ; Wounds and Injuries

No abstract available.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid* ; Animals ; Brain* ; Diazepam* ; Rats*

A clinical observation was made on the 7 cases of ureteropyeloplasty secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction during the period from July, 1980 to January, 1982 and brief review of literature was made. 1. Hydronephrosis secondary to obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction was caused by congenital ureteropelvic junction stricture in 4 cases, aberrant vessels in 1 Case and combined cases in 2 cases. 2. The youngest age was 15 year old and the oldest 53 year old. The ratio of male to female and left to right were 3:4 and 2:1. 3. The types of ureteropyeloplasty were Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in 5 cases, Sand Cormoily tube-flap pyeloplasty in 1 case and nondismembered pyeloplasty with elimination of aberrant vessels in 1 case. 4. Multiple holed stent was used in all cases. 5. Postoperative complications were developed in2 cases, which were intractable urinary leakage and restricture and were treated by nephrostomy and nephrectomy respectively. 6. Follow up study was performed in 6 cases. Among 7 cases of ureteropyeloplasty, good results included in 4 cases, fair in 1 case and poor in 2 cases.
Adolescent ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Silicon Dioxide ; Stents

Exposure with the tibial tubercle osteotomy was done for ten revisions and one primary total knee replacements out of 200 total knee arthroplasties performed from 1985 to 1996. The cases were analyzed with regard to complications and technical considerations. The preoperative diagnoses were infected total knee arthroplasty in seven, aseptic loosening in three and one ankylosed knee. Eixtensive exposure was achieved enough for debridement and reimplantation. The tubercle was fixed with two or three 3.5mm screws. The average duration of follow up was 30 months. Post operative knee flexion averaged 87 degrees. There were two complications, one avulsion of the fragment and one tibial fracture. The advantage of this procedure included wide exposure for difficult knee surgeries and more proximal fixation for improved flexion.
Arthroplasty* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Debridement ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Knee* ; Osteotomy* ; Replantation ; Tibial Fractures

A survey was conducted by the staff of the College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Seoul National University in cooperation with Seoul Special City from 1 December 1967 through 28 February 1968, on such events as delivery, death, abortion and pregnancy. The survey directed to a total population of 47,811 residing in 9,157 households led us to the following findings: 1. Two year averages of crude birth rate, crude death rate and natural increase rate were 30.1, 5.6 and 24.5, respectively. 2. Of all deliveries, home and hospital deliveries constituted 61.1 per cent and 35.5 per cent, respectively. 3. Deliveries other than hospital deliveries were found to be attended more often by mother-in-laws(26.5 per cent) than by doctors or midwives(23.4 per cent). 4. About 52 per cent of all women having experiences in pregnancy during the last two years had an experience of consulting a doctor at least one time throughout whole period of pregnancy. 5. In most cases scissors were used to cut umbilical cords, of which 71.0 per cent were not sterilized and only 28.3 per cent sterilized. 6. In many cases placenta was incinerated(48,2 per cent) and on many other occasions it was thrown away into water(28.3 per cent). 7. Cement page(37.4 per cent), gauze and absorbent cotton(29.8 per cent)were found to be most frequently used to receive new-born babies. 8. In 1966 8.8 per cent of the women had at least one abortion induced and in 1967 the percentage was 9.2 per cent. 9. Nearly all(95.8 per cent) of the induced abortions reportedly were done at doctor's clinics. 10. Of all the abortions induced 65.3 per cent were done by specialists in obstetrics, 30.3 per cent by general practitioners and 2.7 per cent by midwives. 11. Those who experienced spontaneous abortions were 1.9 per cent of all women both in 1966 and 1967. 12. About 9.2 per cent of women investigated were found to be currently pregnant. 13. Age specific death rate turned out to be highest among those under 1 year of age. 14. Ten major causes of death in their order of frequency were: 15. Places of death can be classified into homes(75.3 per cent) and hospitals(13.2 per cent). 16. Method of disposing of corpses comprised burials(54.2 per cent) and cremations(44.6 per cent). 17. Infant, neonatal and hebdomadal mortality rates have been computed at 32.2, 18.9 and 13.7, respectively. 18. Infants were found to have died either at homes(81.5 per cent) or at hospitals(18.5 per cent). 19. Birth registrations had been done for about 18.5 per cent of the dead infants.
Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Birth Rate ; Cadaver ; Cause of Death ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; General Practitioners ; Humans ; Infant ; Midwifery ; Mortality ; Obstetrics ; Parturition* ; Placenta ; Population Growth ; Pregnancy ; Public Health ; Seoul* ; Specialization ; Umbilical Cord

The purpose of this study is to evaluate biomechanical stability of Korean Ilizarov fixator before clinical application. We measured the ultimate tensile load and stiffness of Ilizarov smooth wire and olive wire, bending stiffness of half-pin, ultimate compressive load and stiffness of Ilizarov ring using Instron 1331. Four types of Ilizarov assembly were tested for measuring stiffness of axial compression, anteroposterior bending, and lateral bending. There were group I fixed with only smooth wires; group II with only olive wires; group III with wires and half-pins; and group IV with only half-pins. The results of Korean Ilizarov apparatus were compared to those of American Ilizarov apparatus using unpaired t-test. The ultimate tensile strength of Korean smooth wire was greater than that of American wire. The ultimate tensile strength of Korean olive wire was lower than that of American wire. There was no significant difference of stiffness of axial compression, anteroposterior bending, and lateral bending between American and Korean apparatus. There was no significant difference of axial compression stiffness and bending stiffness between group III and group IV. In conclusion, Korean Ilizarov apparatus can be used with good stability for treatment of fracture, internal bone transport, and limb lengthening according to this biomechanical study.
Extremities ; Olea ; Tensile Strength

No abstract available.
Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome*

The authors reviewed retrospectively preoperative ocular clinical characteristics, operative methods, postoperative anatomical results and visual rehabilitation for the 24 eyes, retinal detachments following extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE). The most, common preoperative visual symptom was decreased vision, 19 eyes (79%) and the significant preoperative ocular findings were vitreous opacity 14 eyes (58%) and posterior capsular rupture 14 eyes (58%). The horseshoe tear 11 eyes (46%), atrophic hole 9 eyes (38%) were more comnnonly encountered, and the retinal breaks were principally located in the superotemporal quadrant in 18 eyes (75%), the superonasal quadrant. in 12 eyes (42%). Also, macular detachment 19 eyes (79%) was found most frequently with retinal detachment eyes. The overall anatomic success rate of surgical treatment of retinal detachment after ECCE was 21 eyes (88%). Especially, the visual acuity improved two line or more in II eyes (85%) with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) implantation group. We suggest that the early detection of retinal detachment. after ECCE with complications and proper operations are important to inaprove the postoperative anatomic success rate and the postoperative visual prognosis.
Cataract Extraction* ; Cataract* ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Prognosis ; Rehabilitation ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinal Perforations ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Visual Acuity