This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of natural head position according to skeletal malocclusion types and sex using cephalometric radiographs for establishing orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planing. The sample consisted of 90 young adults (male 45, female 45) who had the skeletal malocclusion. Cephalometric radiographs were taken on natural head position, and statistical analysis was performed and method error of 6 postural variables were estimated to evaluate the reproducibility of the natural head position. The following results were obtained: 1. In the reproducibility of the natural head position, postural variables had no statistical significance in male and female(P>0.05) 2. In the reproducibility of the natural head position, postural variables had no statistical significance in Class I, II, III and total group (P>0.05). 3. The reproducibility of natural head position using method error was excellent in all group.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Head* ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion* ; Young Adult

Graft-versus-host disease is commonly observed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation but rarely recognized after transfusion of solid-organ transplantation. Tansfusion-associated graftversus-host disease can occur in immunosuppressed recipients and immunocompetent transplant recipients. The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal or hepatic dysfunction, rash and pancytopenia should heighten the physician's index of suspicion for GVHD. Among premature infants, only four cases have been reported to develop transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease in the world, with a mortality rate of 100 percent. We recently experienced a preterm male infant who developed acute GVHD (erythematous maculopapular skin rash, hepatic dysfunction and pancytopenia) at two months of age and recovered with Dexamethasone and supportive treatment. A skin biopsy, which performed on the confluent erythematous maculopapular rashes during the active and healing stage of the skin rash, revealed characteristic features of GVHD. Prematurity may be considered as a risk factor for the development of GVHD possibly related to complicated prolonged illnesses which requires intensive care and multiple transfusions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of survival after transfusionassociated graft-versus-host disease in preterm infants.
Biopsy ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Dexamethasone ; Exanthema ; Graft vs Host Disease* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Critical Care ; Male ; Mortality ; Pancytopenia ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Transplantation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of VEGF expression as an independent prognostic factor and to identify the patients at high risk for poor prognosis in stage IB cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 118 patients with stage IB cervical cancer who had radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection were included in the study. All known high risk factors of the patients were pathologically confirmed from the surgical specimen. Of the 118 patients, 88 patients were treated with postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. VEGF expression was examined using immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of post-hysterectomy surgical materials. A semiquantitative analysis was made using a scoring system of 0, +, + +, and + + + for increasing intensity of stain. We classified the patients with scores from 0 to + + as low VEGF expression and the patients with a score of + + + as high VEGF expression. RESULTS: Of the 118 patients, 35 patients (29.7%) showed high VEGF expression. Strong correlations were found between the high VEGF expression and both deep stromal invasion (p=0.01) and the positive pelvic node (p=0.03). The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates for all 118 patients were 95.5% and 93.8%. The 5-year overall (p=0.03) and disease-free survival (p<0.001) rates were 98.5% and 100% for low VEGF expression (0, +, and + +) and 85.5% and 79.7% for high VEGF expression, respectively. Pelvic and distant failures for low versus high VEGF expression were 1.2% versus 17.1%, (p=0.001) and 0% versus 14.3% (p<0.001), respectively. In a Cox multivariate analysis of survival, the high VEGF expression (p=0.02) and the bulky mass (p=0.02) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. The high VEGF expression (p=0.002), and bulky mass (p=0.01) demonstrated as significant prognostic indicators for disease free survival. CONCLUSION: These results showed that VEGF expression was a highly significant predictor for pelvic and distant failure and the most significant prognostic factor of overall and disease free survival for the patients with stage IB cervix cancer treated with radical surgery. We strongly suggest that the immunohistochemistry for VEGF expression be performed in a routine clinical setting in order to identify the patients at high risk for poor prognosis in early stage cervical cancer. Furthermore, postoperative and/or chemotherapy did not reduce the pelvic failure and distant metastasis. To improve the cure rate for the patients with high VEGF expression in stage IB cervical cancer, antiangiogenic therapy including anti- VEGF Ab may be a new treatment option.
Cervix Uteri* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Node Excision ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

PURPOSE: This study reports on limb amputations in diabetic patients according to gender, age, and region based on the data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of amputations was compared by region, age, gender, and year, as well as by femoral region, lower leg, foot, and toe in diabetic patients who received limb amputation. This analysis was performed based on the data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, between January 2009 and December 2014. RESULTS: The total number of amputations between the study period was 9,155. The number of patients who were treated at hospitals for diabetes in 2009 was 1.9 million, among which, 1,214 patients underwent amputation. In 2014, the incidence of diabetes was 1,747 in 2.58 million individuals. With this rising incidence of diabetes, the amputation of limbs due to diabetes is increasing every year. In particular, the following regions were amputated more often: femoral region, 2.3%; lower legs, 19.6%; feet, 18.1%; and toes 60.0%. Regarding gender differences, males showed a higher amputation rate than females for all body parts. With respect to region, Seoul was the highest with 30.2%, followed by Gyeonggi with 19.9%, and Busan with 8.8%. According to age, older age showed greater diabetic amputation rate. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the rising incidence of diabetes, the diabetic amputation is also increasing. Here, we showed that toes were amputated with the highest percentage and males had greater amputation rate than females for all body parts. Moreover, amputation rate was highest in older diabetic patients, especially for those in their seventies. Additionally, Seoul was the region with highest amputation rate.
Amputation* ; Busan ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Foot* ; Extremities ; Female ; Foot ; Gyeonggi-do ; Human Body ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance, Health* ; Korea ; Leg ; Male ; Seoul ; Sex Factors ; Toes

PURPOSE: Konkuk medical school has tried to improve its problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. In this study, we evaluated the serial changes of student satisfaction of this PBL curriculum. METHODS: Student satisfaction for the PBL curriculum was assessed using the same questionnaire for 3 years, from 2005 to 2007. Twenty individual questions were classified into five categories: individual learning, group learning, tutoring, module, and learning environment. Scores of the individual items and categories were compared. RESULTS: For the first 3 years after the introduction of a graduate medical school, scores for the individual learning, group learning, and tutoring categories were higher those for the module and learning environment categories. Satisfaction of the learning environment, however, gradually improved. CONCLUSION: In general, satisfaction of the PBL curriculum was good for the first 3 years after the introduction of the graduate medical school. However, further investment in improving the PBL module and learning environments was necessary for the success of the PBL curriculum.
Curriculum ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Humans ; Investments ; Learning ; Problem-Based Learning ; Schools, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Animals ; Macrophages* ; Mice*

Leprosy is a chronic systemic disease with ocular complications including lagophthalmos, uveal diseases, and corneal diseases. Blindness may result unless appropriate treatment is done. The authors report the ocular leprosy with generalized systemic nodules associated with severe proptosis, corneal opacity and retinal pathology.
Blindness ; Corneal Diseases ; Corneal Opacity ; Exophthalmos ; Humans ; Leprosy* ; Pathology ; Retinaldehyde ; Uveal Diseases

These are being published to correct the typo in Table 1 and Table 3.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the association of different subgroups of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DR alleles. METHODS: One hundred and nineteen Korean juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients were classified as HLA-DRB1 allele. To assess the frequency, phenotype frequencies of all JRA cases and each subtypes were compared to those of 485 adult controls. RESULTS: HLA-DRB1*01 was associated with increased risk of JRA. Furthermore, DRB1*01 was associated with polyarticular JRA and pauciarticular JRA. The frequencies of DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 were higher in systemic JRA patients than the controls. CONCLUSION: The data of this study on Korean children with JRA suggests that HLA-DRB1*01 was associated with the susceptibility of JRA. The study should be extended to include larger numbers of patients.
Adult ; Alleles ; Arthritis, Juvenile* ; Child ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; Humans ; Leukocytes* ; Phenotype

Of all toxic inhalant exposures, chlorine is one of the most common toxic chemical inhalants. When acutely inhaled, it can be responsible for symptoms ranging from upper air way irritation to more serious respiratory effects. It can also deteriorate lung function and lead to death. Chlorine and its compounds such as chlorinated cyanurates and hypochlorites are commonly used in water disinfection. The chemical agents discussed in this article are sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite which are the two most popular products for swimming pool chlorination. They are both strong oxidizing agents which are soluble in water. Between the above two alkali agents, acid-base interaction occurred and generated heat. And the acid drove the combination of hypochlorous and chloride ions to form chlorine gas. We have experienced, two boys who had inhalation injuries caused by an accidental explosion which occurred in a swimming pool by mixing two different chlorinating agents : sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite. The children suffered from respiratory difficulties after the exposure. They both required intensive care management and one needed the support of mechanical ventilation
Alkalies ; Calcium* ; Child ; Chlorine ; Disinfection ; Explosions* ; Halogenation ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Inhalation* ; Critical Care ; Ions ; Lung ; Oxidants ; Respiration, Artificial ; Sodium ; Swimming Pools* ; Swimming* ; Water