Persistent trigeminal artery is an embryonic remnant of the anastomotic channel linking the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery. Cases of vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by the persistent trigeminal artery with internal carotid artery stenosis has been described previously, but vertebrobasilar insufficiency entirely due to in situ stenosis of the persistent trigeminal artery has not been reported. A 71-year-old man presented with frequent dizzy episodes. The brain MRI showed no parenchymal lesions. MR angiography showed poor visualization of vertebrobasilar system. He was diagnosed as having vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Cerebral angiography revealed that there was complete occlusion at the vertebrobasilar junction, and the basilar artery was supplied by the persistent trigeminal artery which had severe stenosis at its origin. There was no stenosis of the internal carotid artery of both sides. We believe that this is the first report of vertebrobasilar insufficiency due to stenosed persistent trigeminal artery, without internal carotid artery stenosis.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard modality of acute and chronic gallbladder disease. This study was performed to evaluate a change in the indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy according to period by analyzing our experiences. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 2,096 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy that were treated at the Department of Surgery, Dong-A University. They were divided into 3 groups from October 1992 to December 1996 (Group 1), from January 1997 to December 2001 (Group 2) and from January 2002 to March 2007 (Group 3). RESULTS: The mean age was 50.14+/-13.89 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.23. Previous abdominal surgery was noted in 12.24% from Group 1, 14.96% from Group 2 and 21.48% from Group 3. Chronic cholecystitis was the most common pathologic diagnosis in all cases. However, while the incidence of acute cholecystitis and gallbladder empyema in Group 1 was 3.36% and 0%, that of Group 2 was 12.52% and 3.88% and that of Group 3 was 31.79% and 7.59%, which was increased. The mean operation time of each group was 101.00+/-51.00, 69.86+/-40.55, 78.01+/-45.55 minutes (P<0.05). The conversion rate of each group was nine cases (6.04%), 21 cases (3.02%), and 51 cases (4.07%). The surgical complication rate was 7.38%, 3.88% and 4.71%, respectively. The length of hospital stay was 6.08+/-3.65, 3.16+/-2.99 and 2.91+/-3.34 days, which was significantly decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: As surgical experience increased and laparoscopic surgical skills developed, the indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy changed. The results of this study showed that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was feasible for the treatment of complicated gallbladder lesion.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Cholecystitis ; Cholecystitis, Acute ; Gallbladder ; Gallbladder Diseases ; Incidence ; Length of Stay ; Retrospective Studies

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of fundus torsion in 48 patients with unilateral inferior oblique overaction(IOOA) and the results were compared with that in 182 patients who showed normal inferior oblique function by an indirect ophthalmoscope under general anesthesia before strabismic surgery. In 48 eyes with unilateral IOOA, 35 eyes(72.9%) showed extorsion in the same eye. We could also find extorsion in 9 normal fellow eyes(18.7%). Among 182 horizontal strabismic patients(364 eyes) with normal inferior oblique function, there were 23 eyes(6.3%) of extorsion and 1 eye (0.3%) of intorsion. We compared the degree of extorsion with that of IOOA in 48 patients with unilateral IOOA: a mild extorsion were observed in 2 of 10 eyes with IOOA+1. A mild and moderate extorsion were observed in 13(72.2%) and 3 (16.7%) of 18 eyes with IOOA+2, respectively. A mild and moderate extorsion were observed in 9(45%) and 8(40%) of 20 eyes with IOOA+3 respectively. These findings showed that the greater IOOA produces the greater extorsion(p<0.01). On our results the fundus indirect ophthamoscopy before strabismic surgery seems to be helpful in the diagnosis of cyclotorsion.
Anesthesia, General* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy* ; Strabismus*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Coal* ; Dust* ; Lung* ; Rats* ; Silicon Dioxide*

PURPOSE: We studied prevention effects of vertical transmission of Hepatitis B with follow-up, through the change of Anti-HBs titers during 9 months after injection of Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) at birth in newborn delivered from Hepatitis antigen carrier mothers. METHODS: This study was performed on newborn delivered from HBsAg carrier mothers at Hae Sung Hospital from Feb. 1995 to May 1996. These newborn were injected intramuscularly with HBV and HBIG after evaluation of HBsAg and Anti-HBs titer directly at birth. Regular Hepatitis vaccination was given at 1 month, 6 months as well as HBsAg and Anti-HBs titer were evaluated at 24 hours, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. RESULTS: The incidence of Hepatitis B carrier mothers is 5.6%, and newborn babies born to HBsAg carrier mothers showed HBsAg in 10.6%. In most newborn, Anti-HBs titer maintained in 100-1,000mIU/ml after injection of HBIG and HBV at birth, and mean Anti-HBs titer decreased a little at 1 month, but therafter increased gradually by regular Hepatitis vaccination. HBsAg positive newborn maintained mean HBsAg titers below 2 (S/N) until 9 months old after injection of HBIG and HBV. CONCLUSIONS: A screening test for Hepatitis B must be performed on all pregnant women, and that infants of Hepatitis B carrier mothers must be immunized by HBIG and HBV directly at birth.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mass Screening ; Mothers* ; Parturition ; Pregnant Women ; Vaccination

No abstract available.
Manganese*

Benzene and toluene, which are widely used aromatic hydrocarbons in workplace, are recently proved to cause health hazards due to their toxic effects. This study investigated the influence of toluene on the urinary excretion of benzene metabolite by administering short term exposure limit(STEL) of these compounds(i.e., 13.8mg/kg of benzene and 108.8mg/kg of toluene) intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats. After administration, urinary phenol concentration of rat was measured by gas chromatography for every three hours. Data were analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods using Kruskal-Wallis multi-sample test and Mann-Whitney U test. The following results were obtained: 1. Administration of STFL-benzene increased urinary phenol concentration in rats. 2. Urinary phenol concentration was increased logarithmically according to the dosage of benzene. 3. Excretion of phenol in urine was decreased when benzene and toluene were administered simultaneously compared with administering benzene alone. In Summary, these results reveal that administration of STEL of toluene has antagonistic effect of urinary excretion of benzene metabolite in rats.
Animals ; Benzene* ; Chromatography, Gas ; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic ; Metabolism* ; Phenol ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Threshold Limit Values ; Toluene

No abstract available.
Extremities* ; Sarcoma*

The purpose of this study were to examine the effects of the speed of sidestep in a specific direction on the kinematic variables of the lower extremities and to provide basic information on sidestep. The subjects of this study were eight students at Hanseo University who did not have a problem in lower extremity alignment. Biomechanical data were collected using a motion analysis system and force plate and Kruskal-Wallis test was performed in order to test differences according to speed. The results of this study were as follow. First, as to hip joint angle according to speed, when the speed increased, in the sagittal view, the maximum flexion angle decreased, the range of motion (ROM) decreased, and the flexion angle at the highest ground reaction force decreased, and in the transverse view, the internal rotation angle at the highest ground reaction force increased. Second, as to knee joint angle according to speed, when the speed increased, in the sagittal view, the maximum flexion angle decreased, the ROM decreased, and the flexion angle at the highest ground reaction force decreased, and in the coronal view, the maximum varus angle decreased, and the ROM decreased. Third, as to ankle joint angle according to speed, when the speed increased, in the sagittal view, the ROM decreased, and the dorsiflexion angle at the highest ground reaction force decreased, and in the coronal view, the minimum inversion angle increased. This suggests that high-speed sidestep during a game increases the risk of injury and degenerative arthritis among athletes.
Ankle Joint ; Athletes ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Genu Varum ; Hip Joint ; Humans ; Joints* ; Knee Joint ; Lower Extremity* ; Osteoarthritis ; Range of Motion, Articular

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate fusional status of 49 strabismic patients who showed orthophoria less than 10 prism diopters (PD) after surgery under alternate prism and cover test. We undertook the Worth 4-dot(W4D) test twice, reversing the position of the red/green glasses between the eyes for the second trial. Bagolini test was also performed in 31 of 49 cases. Nineteen of 49 case(18.4%) showed different results on the W4D test with red/green glasses after reversal at near or distance, either changing fusional status or changing laterality of suppression. Four of 31 cases (18.0%) showed different status of fusion or suppression between W4D and Bagolini tests. We think that it repeating test twice, with the red/green glass reversed between trials, and with combination of Bagolini test, provides better reliability of W4D test.
Artifacts* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Strabismus