Recently, intracameral injection of 1% unperserved lidocaine was intro-duced as a supplement to the topical anesthesia in cataract operations. We evaluated the effect of intracameral lidocaine on the corneal endothelium. One hundred eyes of 90 patients undergone scleral tunnel incision and phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were divided into 2 group according to the methods of anesthesia. Topical anesthesia with intracameral injection of 0.2 of 1% unpreserved lidocaine was used to the 50 eyes of 45 patients[group 1] and pinpoint anestesia to the rest[group 2]. Specular microscopy using non-contact specular microscope was done preoperatively, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively to compare the endothelial morphologic changes between the 2 groups. The reduction of central corneal endothelial cell density at 3 months postoperatively was 9.45% in Group 1 and 8.74% in Group 2. The difference between the 2 groups was not significant statistically[p>0.1]. Postoperative changes in coefficient of variation[polymegathism] and hexagonality[pleomorphism] were not significantly different between the 2 groups either[p>0.1]. We therefore concluded that intracameral injection of 1% unpreserved lidocaine does not adversely affect the corneal endothelial cell function and morphology and may safely be used as a supplement to topical anesthesia in cataract surgeries.
Anesthesia ; Cataract* ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Lidocaine* ; Microscopy ; Phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. METHOD: Eighty-five women (of 110 screened) enrolled in this study and were employed full-time with more than 6.0 points(in 0~10.0 VAS scale) in menstrual cramps or more than 20 points on the dysmenorrhea scale(range 13~52). The forty-two participants in the experimental group received abdominal meridian massage for 5 minutes per day during 6 days from the fifth day before menstruation to the first day of menstruation and the forty-three participants in the control group didn't receive any treatment. Data were collected from June 1st to August 30th, 2003 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, and t-test. RESULT: Menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea of the experimental group were significantly lower after abdominal meridian massage than those of the control group (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage was very effective for relief of menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, we suggest that abdominal Kyongrak massage can be a useful nursing intervention for women with menstrual cramps or dysmenorrhea.
Women, Working ; Middle Aged ; Meridians ; *Massage/methods ; Humans ; Female ; Dysmenorrhea/*therapy ; Adult ; *Acupressure ; *Abdomen

BACKGROUND: The E2F family (E2F1 to E2F6) of transcription factors plays a key role in cell cycle progression. Some act as oncogenes and others act as tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in a tissue-specific manner. E2F4 may function as a TSG. However, the role of E2F4 in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial. Also the clinical impact of E2F2 expression on breast cancer remains unknown. METHODS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were assessed immunohistochemically in 113 breast carcinomas and were compared with clinicopathological variables, expressions of G1/S checkpoint proteins (p16, cyclin D1 and Rb), and DNA ploidy to identify their possible role and to assess their prognostic value in breast cancer. RESULTS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were detected in 48 cases (42.5%) and 66 cases (58.4%), respectively. Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were significantly correlated with large tumor size (p<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). There was no correlation between expressions of E2F4 or E2F2 and any other variables, including age, histologic grade, DNA ploidy and expressions of p16, cyclin D1 and Rb. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 are associated with growth and spread of breast cancer and indicate poor prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Cycle ; Cyclin D1 ; DNA ; E2F2 Transcription Factor* ; E2F4 Transcription Factor ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Transcription Factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of supine lateral bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using DXA bycomparing AP and lateral spine BMD in patients with degenerative change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred andseventy-two women underwent AP and lateral BMD measurement of L-spine, using DXA. Spur changes and end-platesclerosis were considered as degenerative change, and osteoporosis was defined according to WHO criteria. Theratio of mid-lateral BMD to AP BMD was calculated and the differences in ratio were analyzed in the degenerativegroup and controls, according to aging and osteoporosis, using the t test and ANOVA. The correlation coefficiencybetween aging and AP BMD and lateral BMD, respectively, was calculated. RESULT: The mLat/AP ratio in the controland degenerative group was 0.710(0.005 / 0.622(0.028 (p=0.003) in the 40-49-year-old group, 0.663(0.006 /0.612(0.016 (p=0.002) in the 50-59-year-old group, 0.626(0.015 / 0.552(0.023 (p=0.007) in the 60-69 year-oldgroup, and 0.717(0.028 / 0.600(0.045 (p=0.076) in those aged over 70. The ratio was 0.656(0.015 / 0.598(0.038(p=0.099) in osteoporosis, 0.684(0.008 / 0.596(0.016 (p=0.000) in osteopenia, and 0.688(0.005 / 0.583(0.019(p=0.000) in normal subjects, showing that lateral BMD is more sensitive than AP BMD, especially in thedegenerative group. There was negative correlation between aging and AP BMD(r= -0.545), lateral BMD(r= -0.571),and mid-lateral BMD(r=-0.583). CONCLUSION: In a selective group of patients with degenerative change, supinelateral BMD measurement of L-spine is useful.
Aging ; Bone Density* ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Female ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; Spine*

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data to propose further directions of education on rehabilitation nursing by investigating the adequacy of the educational contents of rehabilitation nursing. This study was a descriptive survey study. The data collected at 25 universities and 24 junior colleges through questionnaires to answer the research questions from August 10 to September 30, 2000. The questionnaire was consisted of 24 items. The contents of rehabilitation nursing education were developed by consulting with the rehabilitation nursing professionals. The results are as follows Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent class in 15 universities and 9 junior colleges. Most professors majoring in adult nursing(66.8%) were in charge of teaching the courses. For the adequacy of the teaching contents of rehabilitation nursing, conceptual bases for rehabilitation was the highest score(4.0), and interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, activities of daily living, clients of rehabilitation, nursing process in rehabilitation nursing, functional evaluation, movement and mobility, physical therapy, occupational therapy, sensation and perception, communication/language, eating and swallowing, bladder elimination, community based rehabilitation nursing, sleep, rest &, fatigue, bowel elimination., historical perspectives of rehabilitation nursing, sexuality, pulmonary rehabilitation, pain, cardiac rehabilitation, skin integrity, family care was ordered.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Deglutition ; Eating ; Education ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Nursing Process ; Occupational Therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation Nursing* ; Rehabilitation* ; Sensation ; Sexuality ; Skin ; Urinary Bladder

BACKGROUND: It takes long time to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis on solid media from clinical specimens. Although there is progress in the detection of tuberculosis using liquid media, Ogawa media is broadly used in Korea. In the 1990s, the BACTEC 460 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) was used in some laboratories in Korea, but at present, it is not used because of the accumulation of radioactive waste and the risk of cross-contamination. The BACTEC MGIT 960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) is one of the new systems using liquid media. MGIT system uses oxygen-quenching fluorescence sensor technology instead of radioactive material. We evaluated MGIT for the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by comparison with Ogawa media. METHODS: A total of 232 sputum specimens were collected from patients admitted to the hospital. All specimens were processed by 4% NaOH and 0.5% NALC. After inoculation of MGIT with 0.5 mL and Ogawa with 0.3 mL of the processed specimen, the media were observed every 3 days until 6 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 99 isolates of mycobacteria were recovered from 232 specimens. Ninety nine isolates were detected with MGIT, as contrasted with 64 detected with Ogawa media. The mean times to detection of the Mycobacterium species were 12.6 days for MGIT, 23.7 days for Ogawa media. Contamination rates were 5.1% for MGIT, 5.6% for Ogawa media. CONCLUSION: From our study, we conclude that MGIT is a superior method for recovery rate and time to detection of Mycobacteria to Ogawa media.
Diagnosis ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; Korea ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Radioactive Waste ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis

Tumor-draining lymph node mononuclear (TDLMN) cells are specifically sensitized to the growing tumor but such cells are deficient for mediating an antitumor response. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using mycobacterial 30 kDa or Triton X-100 solubilized protein (TSP) antigen to stimulate mononuclear cells of colon cancer-draining lymph node for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells. The proliferative response of TDLMN cells stimulated with mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was determined by H-thymidine incorporation assay. The proliferation of TDLMN cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was significantly increased in PPD (+) patients, but a poor response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen was observed in PPD (-). The expression on ro T cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was assessed by flow cytometry. The ro T cells from PPD (+) patient responded only to 30 kDa antigen but to TSP antigen. An investigation of cytokine mRNA expression was undertaken using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to follow TDLMN cells stimulated with the 30 kDa or TSP antigens for 5 days. The IFN-r and TNF-a mRNA expression was only induced in TDLMN cells of PPD (+) patient in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. The IL-2 mRNA expression was induced in both PPD (+) and PPD (-) in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. But the IL-4 mRNA expression was not induced in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. These results suggest that the 30 kDa and TSP antigens may serve as biologic response modifier for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells.
Colon* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Negotiating ; Neptune* ; Octoxynol* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes

Issues related to the elderly have been recognized in Korea and nursing scholars have tried to study there issues. It is hard to say which the direction we, are going or have to go, since there has been little systemic effort to establish gerontological nursing field yet. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the trend and the guidelines of gerontolotical nursing studies for the future. Dissertation and published articles related to the elderly in the nursing field from 1991 to the February of 1997 were are reviewed. Total 127 studies were analysed in terms of concept, design/methodology, and results, and the nature and issues of the geronotologic nursing studies in Korea were explored. The results are as follows: 1. There was no clear chronological definition of the elderly. 2. The most popular research design was an exploratory/descriptive study. 3. The major concepts studies were physical and mental health. 4. Among those studies using instrument which were developed and modified and /or translated by researchers, the reliability and validity were rarely reported. 5. Theory based studies were rare. We suggest the following issues for future studies : 1. The chronological and other criteria related to the definition of elderly is needed. 2. Physiopsychosocial characteristics of Korean elderly and their managements in terms of intervention studies need to be conducted more synthetically. 3. Social issues from the change of types and function of family such as single elderly family need to be studied. 4. Participation in and collaborate with other disciplines are needed. 5 Development and test of instruments to measure phenomena or concepts is needed. 6. Macroscopic approach such as policy also needed. 7. Theory based studies are needed.
Aged ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mental Health ; Nursing* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design

The halogenated anesthetics, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane undergo biotransformation in man. They produce inorganic fluoride ion as a metabolite, which is well known as the cause of methoxyflurane induced nephrotoxicity. This study was done to investigate the rapidity and extent of biotransformation of volatile anesthetics for 2 hours of operation. Thirty patients were randomly divided into halothane, enflurane and isoflurane group according to anesthetics. Blood and urine sampling was done before operation, post-induction 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 1 hour 30 min and 2 hours for the measurement of inorganic fluoride ion. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were measured before and 24 hours after operation. The results were as follows ; 1) The values of blood fluoride ion in halothane and isoflurane group were decreased with time during operation and there was no change in enflurane group. 2) The values of urine fluoride ion in three groups were increased with time during operation. The rate of increase was the greatest in enflurane group. 3) There were no changes in the value of AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine. The above results suggest that the biotransformation of volatile anesthetics to inorganic fluoride ion was the greatest in enflurane, but the level was insufficent to cause renal dysfunction during 3.18 hour operation.
Alanine Transaminase ; Anesthetics* ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Biotransformation* ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine ; Enflurane ; Fluorides ; Halothane ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Metabolism ; Methoxyflurane

No abstract available.
Occupational Health*