Recently, intracameral injection of 1% unperserved lidocaine was intro-duced as a supplement to the topical anesthesia in cataract operations. We evaluated the effect of intracameral lidocaine on the corneal endothelium. One hundred eyes of 90 patients undergone scleral tunnel incision and phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were divided into 2 group according to the methods of anesthesia. Topical anesthesia with intracameral injection of 0.2 of 1% unpreserved lidocaine was used to the 50 eyes of 45 patients[group 1] and pinpoint anestesia to the rest[group 2]. Specular microscopy using non-contact specular microscope was done preoperatively, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively to compare the endothelial morphologic changes between the 2 groups. The reduction of central corneal endothelial cell density at 3 months postoperatively was 9.45% in Group 1 and 8.74% in Group 2. The difference between the 2 groups was not significant statistically[p>0.1]. Postoperative changes in coefficient of variation[polymegathism] and hexagonality[pleomorphism] were not significantly different between the 2 groups either[p>0.1]. We therefore concluded that intracameral injection of 1% unpreserved lidocaine does not adversely affect the corneal endothelial cell function and morphology and may safely be used as a supplement to topical anesthesia in cataract surgeries.
Anesthesia ; Cataract* ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Lidocaine* ; Microscopy ; Phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. METHOD: Eighty-five women (of 110 screened) enrolled in this study and were employed full-time with more than 6.0 points(in 0~10.0 VAS scale) in menstrual cramps or more than 20 points on the dysmenorrhea scale(range 13~52). The forty-two participants in the experimental group received abdominal meridian massage for 5 minutes per day during 6 days from the fifth day before menstruation to the first day of menstruation and the forty-three participants in the control group didn't receive any treatment. Data were collected from June 1st to August 30th, 2003 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, and t-test. RESULT: Menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea of the experimental group were significantly lower after abdominal meridian massage than those of the control group (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage was very effective for relief of menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, we suggest that abdominal Kyongrak massage can be a useful nursing intervention for women with menstrual cramps or dysmenorrhea.
Women, Working ; Middle Aged ; Meridians ; *Massage/methods ; Humans ; Female ; Dysmenorrhea/*therapy ; Adult ; *Acupressure ; *Abdomen

BACKGROUND: The E2F family (E2F1 to E2F6) of transcription factors plays a key role in cell cycle progression. Some act as oncogenes and others act as tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in a tissue-specific manner. E2F4 may function as a TSG. However, the role of E2F4 in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial. Also the clinical impact of E2F2 expression on breast cancer remains unknown. METHODS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were assessed immunohistochemically in 113 breast carcinomas and were compared with clinicopathological variables, expressions of G1/S checkpoint proteins (p16, cyclin D1 and Rb), and DNA ploidy to identify their possible role and to assess their prognostic value in breast cancer. RESULTS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were detected in 48 cases (42.5%) and 66 cases (58.4%), respectively. Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were significantly correlated with large tumor size (p<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). There was no correlation between expressions of E2F4 or E2F2 and any other variables, including age, histologic grade, DNA ploidy and expressions of p16, cyclin D1 and Rb. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 are associated with growth and spread of breast cancer and indicate poor prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Cycle ; Cyclin D1 ; DNA ; E2F2 Transcription Factor* ; E2F4 Transcription Factor ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Transcription Factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of supine lateral bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using DXA bycomparing AP and lateral spine BMD in patients with degenerative change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred andseventy-two women underwent AP and lateral BMD measurement of L-spine, using DXA. Spur changes and end-platesclerosis were considered as degenerative change, and osteoporosis was defined according to WHO criteria. Theratio of mid-lateral BMD to AP BMD was calculated and the differences in ratio were analyzed in the degenerativegroup and controls, according to aging and osteoporosis, using the t test and ANOVA. The correlation coefficiencybetween aging and AP BMD and lateral BMD, respectively, was calculated. RESULT: The mLat/AP ratio in the controland degenerative group was 0.710(0.005 / 0.622(0.028 (p=0.003) in the 40-49-year-old group, 0.663(0.006 /0.612(0.016 (p=0.002) in the 50-59-year-old group, 0.626(0.015 / 0.552(0.023 (p=0.007) in the 60-69 year-oldgroup, and 0.717(0.028 / 0.600(0.045 (p=0.076) in those aged over 70. The ratio was 0.656(0.015 / 0.598(0.038(p=0.099) in osteoporosis, 0.684(0.008 / 0.596(0.016 (p=0.000) in osteopenia, and 0.688(0.005 / 0.583(0.019(p=0.000) in normal subjects, showing that lateral BMD is more sensitive than AP BMD, especially in thedegenerative group. There was negative correlation between aging and AP BMD(r= -0.545), lateral BMD(r= -0.571),and mid-lateral BMD(r=-0.583). CONCLUSION: In a selective group of patients with degenerative change, supinelateral BMD measurement of L-spine is useful.
Aging ; Bone Density* ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Female ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; Spine*

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data to propose further directions of education on rehabilitation nursing by investigating the adequacy of the educational contents of rehabilitation nursing. This study was a descriptive survey study. The data collected at 25 universities and 24 junior colleges through questionnaires to answer the research questions from August 10 to September 30, 2000. The questionnaire was consisted of 24 items. The contents of rehabilitation nursing education were developed by consulting with the rehabilitation nursing professionals. The results are as follows Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent class in 15 universities and 9 junior colleges. Most professors majoring in adult nursing(66.8%) were in charge of teaching the courses. For the adequacy of the teaching contents of rehabilitation nursing, conceptual bases for rehabilitation was the highest score(4.0), and interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, activities of daily living, clients of rehabilitation, nursing process in rehabilitation nursing, functional evaluation, movement and mobility, physical therapy, occupational therapy, sensation and perception, communication/language, eating and swallowing, bladder elimination, community based rehabilitation nursing, sleep, rest &, fatigue, bowel elimination., historical perspectives of rehabilitation nursing, sexuality, pulmonary rehabilitation, pain, cardiac rehabilitation, skin integrity, family care was ordered.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Deglutition ; Eating ; Education ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Nursing Process ; Occupational Therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation Nursing* ; Rehabilitation* ; Sensation ; Sexuality ; Skin ; Urinary Bladder

Tumor-draining lymph node mononuclear (TDLMN) cells are specifically sensitized to the growing tumor but such cells are deficient for mediating an antitumor response. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using mycobacterial 30 kDa or Triton X-100 solubilized protein (TSP) antigen to stimulate mononuclear cells of colon cancer-draining lymph node for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells. The proliferative response of TDLMN cells stimulated with mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was determined by H-thymidine incorporation assay. The proliferation of TDLMN cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was significantly increased in PPD (+) patients, but a poor response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen was observed in PPD (-). The expression on ro T cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was assessed by flow cytometry. The ro T cells from PPD (+) patient responded only to 30 kDa antigen but to TSP antigen. An investigation of cytokine mRNA expression was undertaken using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to follow TDLMN cells stimulated with the 30 kDa or TSP antigens for 5 days. The IFN-r and TNF-a mRNA expression was only induced in TDLMN cells of PPD (+) patient in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. The IL-2 mRNA expression was induced in both PPD (+) and PPD (-) in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. But the IL-4 mRNA expression was not induced in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. These results suggest that the 30 kDa and TSP antigens may serve as biologic response modifier for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells.
Colon* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Negotiating ; Neptune* ; Octoxynol* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes

Phase-partitioning with Triton X-114 (TX114) was applied to the TSP antigen, which may be preferentially associated with the cell wall of M. tuberculosis. The hydrophilic protein components of the TSP antigen were successfully separated from integral hydrophobic macromolecules. To further characterize and examine the cellular immune response of the aqueous fraction of the TSP antigen (TSPa), the in vitro properties of the antigen were measured by lymphoproliferation; surface expression of IL-2 Ra on T lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry; and the cytokine mRNA expression pattern was determined by RT-PCR. Significant lymphoproliferative responses to the TSPa antigen were observed in healthy tuberculin reactive donors after a 5 day in vitro stimulation. TSPa treatment of PBMCs from healthy tuberculin positive subjects for 5 days resulted in progressive augmentation of IFN-r, II 2, and IL-2Ra mRNA expression, as measured by RT-PCR, but considerably reduced IL-4 mRNA expression. In addition, the TSPa antigen stimulated more IL-12 p40 mRNA production than did the PPD antigen, and graduaBy suppressed IL- 10 mRNA expression. Moreover, the CD3' T cells of tuberculin positive subjects displayed a profound increase in their expression of the II 2Ru protein (39.0%) in response to the TSPa antigen. Proliferation was correlated with IL-2 and IL-2Ra mRNAs, but not correlated with distinct IFN-r or IL-12 p40 mRNA production. These findings strongly suggest that the TSPa antigen preferentially evokes the generation of a Thl-like immune response in healthy tuberculin reactors.
Cell Wall ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans* ; Immunity, Cellular* ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Neptune ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes ; Tissue Donors ; Tuberculin ; Tuberculosis

Congenital ureteral valves are transeverse folds of redundant mucosa which contains smooth muscle fibers and are very rare disease. We observed one case of congenital ureteral valve in 2-year old boy with hydronephrosis, which was treated by segmental resection and tubeless end-to-end anastomosis of ureter. Herein we reported a case of congenital ureteral valve with a review of the literatures.
Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Male ; Mucous Membrane ; Muscle, Smooth ; Rare Diseases ; Ureter*

BACKGROUND: It takes long time to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis on solid media from clinical specimens. Although there is progress in the detection of tuberculosis using liquid media, Ogawa media is broadly used in Korea. In the 1990s, the BACTEC 460 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) was used in some laboratories in Korea, but at present, it is not used because of the accumulation of radioactive waste and the risk of cross-contamination. The BACTEC MGIT 960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) is one of the new systems using liquid media. MGIT system uses oxygen-quenching fluorescence sensor technology instead of radioactive material. We evaluated MGIT for the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by comparison with Ogawa media. METHODS: A total of 232 sputum specimens were collected from patients admitted to the hospital. All specimens were processed by 4% NaOH and 0.5% NALC. After inoculation of MGIT with 0.5 mL and Ogawa with 0.3 mL of the processed specimen, the media were observed every 3 days until 6 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 99 isolates of mycobacteria were recovered from 232 specimens. Ninety nine isolates were detected with MGIT, as contrasted with 64 detected with Ogawa media. The mean times to detection of the Mycobacterium species were 12.6 days for MGIT, 23.7 days for Ogawa media. Contamination rates were 5.1% for MGIT, 5.6% for Ogawa media. CONCLUSION: From our study, we conclude that MGIT is a superior method for recovery rate and time to detection of Mycobacteria to Ogawa media.
Diagnosis ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; Korea ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Radioactive Waste ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.
Pyelonephritis*