Dynamic strategy(DS) is a fast threshold algorithm for the Octopus 101 perimeter. To analyze the efficiency of DS, we compared the results of visual field measurements using DS and conventional normal strategy(NS). Subjects comprised 60 eyes of 30 normal individuals in the 3rd decade who has not experienced perimetry before. Program G2 was performed on all subjects at random and enough intervals between the two tests(more than 1 hour). Mean testing time was 1047.63+/-219.38 seconds in NS and 684.98+/-130.95 seconds in DS. Testing time reduction rate was 32.69+/-14.35% on average. Mean defect(MD) was 2.80+/-1.02dB, 2.15+/-0.94dB in the two strategies, respectively. Corrected loss variance(CLV) was 1.31+/-0.50dB2 and 1.03+/-0.61dB2 in each test. There was significant difference in MD and CLV statistically(P<0.01). Mean short term fluctuation(SF) was 1.38+/-0.49dB and 1.45+/-0.50 dB; mean reliability factor(RF) was 2.05+/-2.73% and 1.98+/-2.80% in the two strategies, respectively. There was no significant difference in SF and RF statistically(P>0.01). It took less time with DS than NS in Octopus 101 perimeter, but further study will be needed for clinical application of DS.
Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of subconjunctival retention of perfluoropropane gas on the success rates in trabeculectomized rabbits. METHODS: Fifthteen white rabbits were trabeculectomized by fornix-base conjunctival flap, full thickness sclerotomy and iridectomy. The right eye was control and the left eye was injected with 0.2 ml perfluoropropane gas(C3F8) into subconjunctival space through the 30 guage long needle. Each rabbit was examined for bleb morphology under slit-lamp microscope and measured for intraocular pressure by tonopen at preoperative, postoperative 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. The results were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test in SAS release 6.12 program. RESULTS: Mean gas retention time was 15+/-2 days. Intraocular pressure measured at postoerpative 2 weeks was statistically significantly lower in gas injected group than control group. At postoperative 2 weeks, fibrovascularization was more prominent in control group than gas injected group. Fibroblast proliferation and collagen tissue formation were more prominent in control group than gas injected group at postoperative 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Subconjunctival perfluoropropane gas(C3F8) bubbles, via "spacer" effect, aid the maintenance of filtering blebs in the early postoperative period. This technique may be useful in augmenting or salvaging blebs at high risk of failure.
Blister ; Collagen ; Fibroblasts ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iridectomy ; Needles ; Postoperative Period ; Rabbits* ; Trabeculectomy*

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on the oxygen saturation level and behavioral state of preterm infants during tube feeding. METHODS: This study was performed prospectively in the NICU, Chonbuk National University Hopspital from November, 2004 through April, 2005. Preterm infants of gestational age 28 to 37 weeks, who had neither major congenital defects interfering feeding nor respiratory difficulty needing ventilatory support, were included. A total of 64 subjects were divided randomly into the control group (n=32), and the non-nutritive sucking (NNS) group (n=32). The patients in each group were tested for changes in oxygen saturation and behavioral state at 3 different times; 2 minutes before, during, and 2 minutes after feeding. RESULTS: The oxygen saturation of the NNS group increased during feeding and gradually decreased after feeding while the control group decreased during feeding and increased slightly after feeding (P<0.001). During feeding, the "quiet awake" state was observed more frequently in the NNS group and the "crying" state was observed more frequently in the control group. During the post-feeding assessment, the "sleep" state was more frequent in the NNS group and the "crying" state was more frequent in the control group. CONCLUSION: The infants in the NNS group showed significantly higher oxygen saturation level and they were less fussy during tube feeding and slept better after feeding.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Jeollabuk-do ; Oxygen* ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: This study was done to comparatively analyze the general education curriculum of 4-yr and 3-yr nursing schools in Korea. METHODS: Ten university 4-yr nursing schools were selected based on universities in Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing 2010 or "2009 Korea's Best Universities-Top 10" published by Joong-Ang Daily. Ten college 3-yr nursing schools were selected based on colleges in Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing 2010. RESULTS: 1) Generally 4-yr nursing schools maintained the relationships between organizational philosophy/purposes and subjects in the general education curriculum. But 3-yr nursing schools did not. 2) In 4-yr nursing schools there was a relatively higher credits ratio of general education curriculum and selective courses than in 3-yr nursing schools. 3) In 4-yr nursing schools variety of courses was relatively higher than 3-yr nursing schools. 4) In 4-yr nursing schools, operating conditions were relatively better (number of tenure professors, ratio of professors to students, Identification of exclusive organization in charge of the general education curriculum) for the general education curriculum than 3-yr nursing schools. CONCLUSION: The results identify significant differences in the general education curriculum of 4-yr and 3-yr nursing schools in Korea, indicating that 3-yr nursing schools should make efforts to improve the good quality of general education curriculum.
*Curriculum ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/*standards/trends ; Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs/*standards/trends ; Humanities/*education ; Humans ; Nursing Education Research ; Republic of Korea

Trauma is the important cause of death in children and adults. From May 1, 1984 to June 30, 1995, 370 patients were admitted to our hospital for genitourinary injuries. We made clinical observations and compared children with adults on incidence, cause, diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary traumatic patients. As the result, it was no significant difference between children and adults on incidence, sex ratio, cause, hospital stay, and associated injuries. The kidney was the most common organ to be injured and there was no difference in severity of renal injury between two groups. Operative treatments were more common in adults than children, and external genitalia was most common organ to get operation.
Adult* ; Cause of Death ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Length of Stay ; Sex Ratio

Trauma is the important cause of death in children and adults. From May 1, 1984 to June 30, 1995, 370 patients were admitted to our hospital for genitourinary injuries. We made clinical observations and compared children with adults on incidence, cause, diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary traumatic patients. As the result, it was no significant difference between children and adults on incidence, sex ratio, cause, hospital stay, and associated injuries. The kidney was the most common organ to be injured and there was no difference in severity of renal injury between two groups. Operative treatments were more common in adults than children, and external genitalia was most common organ to get operation.
Adult* ; Cause of Death ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Length of Stay ; Sex Ratio

No abstract available.
Cryptococcosis* ; Sputum*

The double pylorus-is a fistulous communication between the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb, usually extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the superior aspect of the duodenal bulb, and seperated by septum or bridge of normal mucosa. Although its incidence is rare, reports concerning double pylorus are increasing with the recent development of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and more awareness of this abnormality. We recently experienced two cases of double pylorus; an aquired one in 72-year old male who had an another opening with healing ulcer at the superior aspect of the original pyloric channel, central erosion with clubbing and fusion of mucosal folds at the greater curvature of the lower body and a 3 x 4 cm sized ulcer at the lesser curvature of the lower body, and the other congenital one in 53-year old male who had an another opening at the superior aspect of the original pyloric channel with histologically intact muscularis mucosa in the pyloric septum with no evidence of chronic peptic ulcer scarring. We report here two cases of double pylorus, one-acquired, and the other-congenital, with a review of the literature.
Aged ; Cicatrix ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Peptic Ulcer ; Pyloric Antrum ; Pylorus ; Stomach ; Stomach Ulcer ; Ulcer

We experienced a case of gastric carcinoid with melena and syncope, which had a metastasis to regional lymph nodes. The gastric carcinoid tumor with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which required transfusion, is very rare disease. So we report a case of gastric carcinoid with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding with a review of relevant literature.
Carcinoid Tumor* ; Hemorrhage ; Lymph Nodes ; Melena ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Rare Diseases ; Syncope

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We compared the accuracy in the diagnosis of hepatic masses such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastasis and hemangioma using enhancing pattern alone with using additional findings, and determined whether the additional findings could improve the diagnostic accuracy. METHODS/MATERIALS: Triphasic spiral CT images were retrospectively analyzed in 83 cases of hepatic lesions,' 40 HCC, 21 metastases, and 22 hemangiomas. Three observers made the diagnosis first by the enhancement pattern of the mass alone, and then, by the whole information. The diagnosis of a lesion was considered correct if the lesion was correctly categorized by at least two observers. Diagnostic accuracies of two sessions were compared with McNemar test. RESULTS: Using enhancing patterns alone, 31/40 HCC (78%), 8/21 metastases (38%), 21/22 hemangiomas (95%) were correctly diagnosed. The frequency of correct diagnosis was significantly improved when all images with additional findings were used: 36/40 (90%) HCC, 20/21 (95%) metastases, 22/22 (100%) hemangiomas (P=0.00006). Metastasis showed most prominent and statistically significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy (P=0.0004). The number of correct diagnoses for HCC increased without statistical significance (P=0.17). However, the images with additional findings did not significantly contribute to the diagnosis of hemangiomas. The additional finidngs those led to correct diagnosis of metastases were multiple mass (7 cases), coexistence of primary malignancy (6 cases), and metastasis to other organ (1 case). The findings of liver cirrhosis were helpful to diagnose HCC correctly in 5 cases. CONCLUSION: The enhancing pattems of tumors were important in the diagnosis of hepatic masses in spiral CT. However, the additional finidngs were also helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic masses especially for the masses with atypical enhancement pattern. In metastases, the additional findings such as multiple masses or detection of primary malignant focus were useful to diagnose correctly.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Diagnosis ; Hemangioma ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed*