An age-dependent cellular change of DNA contents in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated by flow-cytometric method. Testicular cell suspensions at the age of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 26 weeks were prepared and stained with propidium iodide. The relative proportions in the number of mature and immature haploid (1n), diploid (2n), S-phase and tetraploid (4n) cells were calculated. The proportion in the number of mature haploid cells was sharply increased to the age of 10 weeks (about 38%), thereafter increased slightly to the level of 42% at the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of immature haploid cells was dramatically increased to the age of 6 weeks, then maintained at the level of 20 to 30% thereafter. The proportion of diploid cells was 64% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually through the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of S-phase cells was increased to the age of 4 weeks, then maintained at a plateau level to the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of tetraploid cells were about 26% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually to the age of 26 weeks. These results suggest that the proportions of testicular cells may depend on the age of the rat and that the flow cytometric method may be useful in the evaluation of the spermatogenic status with regard to accuracy and sensitivity.
Animals ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; Diploidy ; Flow Cytometry/methods/veterinary ; Haploidy ; Male ; Rats ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis/chemistry/*growth & development

OBJECTIVE: The identifying schizotypal trait in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients is important to predict clinical course, since those patients are hardly overcome through conventional intervention methods. This paper presents the trial of classification method of obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal trait using Frontal Lobe Function Test (FLFT). METHODS: 110 OCD patients are divided into two groups:27 pure OCD patients, and 83 non-pure OCD patients. After training artificial neural network (ANN) using frontal-lobe function test data of train data (schizophrenia, pure OCD, and normal group), we classify test data (non-pure OCD patients) into one of the three groups. RESULTS: Among the total 83 test data (non-pure OCD patients), 44 patients were classified as schizophrenia, 32 patients as normal, and 7 patients as pure OCD. With respect to the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) data of those classified patients, ordering score in compulsion was significantly different between three groups. Moreover, cluster A socre (Schizoid, Schizotypal) of Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ) data showed significant difference between them. CONCLUSION: The results presented that those OCD patients who are classified as schizophrenia using generated model with machine learning technique is tend to have compulsive symptom of arrangement and schizotypal personality disorder.
Machine Learning ; Classification* ; Frontal Lobe* ; Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schizophrenia ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder

To determine the cytologic and histologic correlation of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) in Papanicolaou smears, a cytology file from January 1998 to May 1999 was reviewed. Surgical pathology files were searched to determine which patients received subsequent biopsies. One hundred thirty-two patients with AGUS were identified. Corresponding biopsies were available for 82 of these cases. AGUS has been sub-classified into 3 subtypes: 1) AGUS, favor reactive; 2) AGUS, not otherwise specified; and 3) AGUS, favor neoplasia. The pathologic findings for the respective Papanicolaou smears with the diagnosis of each subtype of AGUS through the follow-up period were as follows: benign lesions in 56.1%, 0%, and 1.2%; squamous intraepithelial lesions 2.4%, 0%, and 1.2%; glandular intraepithelial lesions 0%, 0%, and 17.1%; endometrial simple hyperplasia 1.2%, 0%, and 0%; and carcinoma 0%, 9.8%, and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, AGUS, on cervical cytologic screening, was correlated with significant pathologic findings in 41.5% of the patients (37.8% with preinvasive or invasive glandular lesions and 9.6% with combined squamous intraepithelial lesions). It is thought that intensive follow-up studies, including colposcopy, cervical biopsy, and curettage, should be recommended for complete evaluation of AGUS.
Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology/*pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Biopsy ; Cervix Neoplasms/epidemiology/*pathology ; Cervix Uteri/pathology ; Endometrial Hyperplasia/epidemiology/*pathology ; Female ; Human ; Incidence ; Middle Age ; Prevalence ; Vaginal Smears

Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina is an exceedingly rare entity, accounting for about 3% of all primary vagina1 malignant tumors and 0.3% of all melanoma. The overall 5-year survival in patients with primary vaginal melanoma is notoriously poor, estimated to be between 13% and 19%. A case of primary malignant melanoma of the vagina treated with the wide local excision of vagina and rectum was presented with a brief review of literature.
Humans ; Melanoma* ; Rectum* ; Vagina*

No abstract available.
Autopsy* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay*

Previous animal studies have not conclusively determined the association between exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) containing 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and/or 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) and development of HD-associated lung injuries. Nonetheless, patients exposed to HDs containing only CMIT and/or MIT showed clinically similar lung injuries to those exposed to HDs containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) or oligo (2-[2-ethoxy]ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride (PGH). Here, we report twin sisters with lung injuries associated with exposure to CMIT/MIT-containing HDs. At 6 months of age, a younger twin sister presented with the 3-day history of cough, sputum, and respiratory difficulty. Chest radiography revealed multiple patchy consolidation and ground-glass opacities with pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Thoracostomy was performed due to pneumothorax at admission and she was discharged at 11 days of hospitalization. At 5 years of age, multiple tiny nodules and faint centrilobular ground-glass opacities were observed with the small pneumatocele. The elder sister visited a tertiary hospital due to dyspnea at 12 months of age. Chest radiography showed consolidation, pneumomediastinum, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. There was no response to the administration of immunosuppressant drugs and antifibrotic agents. At 5 years of age, chest CT revealed ground-glass opacity and multiple tiny centrilobular ground-glass opacities nodules in both lungs with exercise intolerance.
Animals ; Cough ; Disinfectants ; Dyspnea ; Emphysema ; Guanidine ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Humidifiers ; Lung Injury* ; Lung* ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumothorax ; Radiography ; Siblings ; Sputum ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thoracostomy ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Twins

Since liver function is changed by chronic liver diseases, chronic liver disease can lead to different hemorheological alterations during the course of the progression. This study aims to compare alterations in whole blood viscosity in patients with chronic liver disease, focusing on the gender effect. Chronic liver diseases were classified into three categories by patient’s history, serologic markers, and radiologic findings: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 63), chronic viral hepatitis B and C (n = 50), and liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 35). Whole blood viscosity was measured by automated scanning capillary tube viscometer, while liver stiffness was measured by transient elastography using FibroScan®. Both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosities were significantly lower in patients with LC than NAFLD and chronic viral hepatitis (P < 0.001) in male patients, but not in female patients. In correlation analysis, there were inverse relationships between both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosity and liver stiffness (systolic: r = −0.25, diastolic: r = −0.22). Whole blood viscosity was significantly lower in male patients with LC than NAFLD or chronic viral hepatitis. Our data suggest that whole blood viscosity test can become a useful tool for classifying chronic liver disease and determining the prognosis for different types of chronic liver diseases.
Blood Viscosity ; Capillaries ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Female ; Hemorheology ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver* ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Prognosis

The nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) of 11 Korean rabies virus (RABV) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. The similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the N gene among all Korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the G gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. Based on the nucleotide analysis of the N and G genes, the Korean RABV isolates were confirmed as genotype I of Lyssavirus and classified into four distinct subgroups with high similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean isolates were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025B and 857r strains, which were isolated from rabid raccoon dogs in Eastern China and Russia, respectively. These findings suggest that the Korean RABV isolates originated from a rabid raccoon dog in Northeastern Asia. Genetic analysis of the Korean RABV isolates revealed no substitutions at several antigenic sites, indicating that the isolates circulating in Korea may be pathogenic in several hosts.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; China ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; Dogs ; Glycoproteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleoproteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rabies/*veterinary ; Rabies virus/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Raccoon Dogs/*virology ; Republic of Korea ; Russia ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the interaction between alcohol cues and social pressure in the induction of alcohol craving. METHODS: Fourteen male patients with alcohol dependence and 14 age-matched social drinkers completed a virtual reality coping skill training program composed of four blocks according to the presence of alcohol cues (x2) and social pressure (x2). Before and after each block, the craving levels were measured using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Patients with alcohol dependence reported extremely high levels of craving immediately upon exposure to a virtual environment with alcohol cues, regardless of social pressure. In contrast, the craving levels of social drinkers were influenced by social pressure from virtual avatars. CONCLUSION: Our findings imply that an alcohol cue-laden environment should interfere with the ability to use coping skills against social pressure in real-life situations.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Alcoholism* ; Cues ; Education ; Humans ; Male

Over the seven years from January 2004 to March 2011, 105 rabies cases in three different animal species and one case in human were recorded in South Korea. Forty three (40.6%) cattle and 33 (31.1%) dogs, 29 (27.4%) raccoon dogs were affected and one (0.9%) death in human was reported. The highest annual incidence of rabies was recorded with 27 cases in 2004, and then decreased to a median of 14 cases per year. Eighty cases (76.2%) occurred in Gangwon and 24 cases (22.9%) in Gyeonggi and one case in Seoul Province. All rabies cases occurred in the northern part of the country, namely, Seoul, Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces. Since 2007, rabies cases were not reported in Gyeonggi Province, but continued to occur and move eastward in Gangwon Province. The monthly distribution of animal rabies during the seven year period peaked in January, and the incidence was the highest during winter, from December to February, and the least common in summer, from June to September. The epidemiological study indicated that preventive measures including distribution of bait vaccine for the control of rabies in wild animals was helpful to a substantial decrease in number of rabies cases in South Korea.
Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cattle ; Dogs ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Rabies ; Raccoon Dogs ; Republic of Korea