PURPOSE: To evaluate criteria for differentiating benign versus malignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) by analyzing their morphology and perinodular parenchymal changes on CT/HRCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the CT/HRCT in 99 patients with SPN. Sixty two cases were proved by surgery, PCNA, clinical follow up and etc. Thirty seven cases were diagnosed by typical benign calcification. We defined SPN as a discrete, single lesion in the lung with margins that are sharp enough to permit measurement of diameter. We excluded lesions more than 4cm in diameter and lesions with cavity from our study protocol. The study included 41 malignant nodules and 58 benign nodules. RESULTS: Mean diameter of malignant nodule was 2.9cm, benign nodule was 2.2cm. Peripheral location of nodule was 28 in malignant nodules, 50 in benign nodules. Typical benign calcification was observed in 37 tuberculoma and three hamartoma. Lobulated margin was noted in 32 malignant nodules and 14 benign nodules. Spiculated margin was observed in 17 malignant nodules and 20 benign nodules. Low attenuation within the nodule was observed in 14 malignant nodules and 12 benign nodules. Pleural tail was observed in 14 malignant nodules and 31 benign nodules. Air bronchogram was noted in 18 malignant nodules and 4 benign nodules. Juxta nodular tuberculosis was observed in 6 malignant nodules and 29 benign nodules. CONCLUSION: Malignant nodules were larger than benign nodules and more commonly demonstrated a Iobulated contour and air bronchogram (p<0.05). Benign nodules more commonly demonstrated low density in the nodule and associated with juxta nodular tuberculosis and peripheral location (p<0.05). Spiculated margin and pleural tail were not helpful to differentiate benign from malignant nodule.
Follow-Up Studies ; Hamartoma ; Humans ; Lung ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Retrospective Studies ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule* ; Tuberculoma ; Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate criteria for differentiating benign versus malignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) by analyzing their morphology and perinodular parenchymal changes on CT/HRCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the CT/HRCT in 99 patients with SPN. Sixty two cases were proved by surgery, PCNA, clinical follow up and etc. Thirty seven cases were diagnosed by typical benign calcification. We defined SPN as a discrete, single lesion in the lung with margins that are sharp enough to permit measurement of diameter. We excluded lesions more than 4cm in diameter and lesions with cavity from our study protocol. The study included 41 malignant nodules and 58 benign nodules. RESULTS: Mean diameter of malignant nodule was 2.9cm, benign nodule was 2.2cm. Peripheral location of nodule was 28 in malignant nodules, 50 in benign nodules. Typical benign calcification was observed in 37 tuberculoma and three hamartoma. Lobulated margin was noted in 32 malignant nodules and 14 benign nodules. Spiculated margin was observed in 17 malignant nodules and 20 benign nodules. Low attenuation within the nodule was observed in 14 malignant nodules and 12 benign nodules. Pleural tail was observed in 14 malignant nodules and 31 benign nodules. Air bronchogram was noted in 18 malignant nodules and 4 benign nodules. Juxta nodular tuberculosis was observed in 6 malignant nodules and 29 benign nodules. CONCLUSION: Malignant nodules were larger than benign nodules and more commonly demonstrated a Iobulated contour and air bronchogram (p<0.05). Benign nodules more commonly demonstrated low density in the nodule and associated with juxta nodular tuberculosis and peripheral location (p<0.05). Spiculated margin and pleural tail were not helpful to differentiate benign from malignant nodule.
Follow-Up Studies ; Hamartoma ; Humans ; Lung ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Retrospective Studies ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule* ; Tuberculoma ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: Epilepsy is generally defined as a chronic condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizure. It is still controversial whether the long-term antiepileptic drugs(AED) treatment will be necessary in children with first unprovoked seizure. Cognitive and behavioral side effects of AEDs are especially important in developing children. Therefore the rationale of AED treatment in the children with first unprovoked seizure depends upon the seizure recurrence rate and presence of risk factors related with seizure recurrence. We are going to evaluate the risk of seizure recurrence and risk factors after a first unprovoked seizure in children. METHODS: One hundred fifty eight patients presented with a first unprovoked seizure from July, 1994 to June, 1999 were prospectively followed by regular epilepsy clinic visit or telephone interview for a mean of 27 months. We analyzed overall recurrence risk and risk factors of seizure recurrence(EEG finding, etiology of seizure, seizure type, history of prior febrile convulsions, neurodevelopmental status prior to first seizure, presence of a Todd's paresis, family history of seizures, a seizure occuring while asleep, and duration of seizure) by Cox's proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: In 158 patients with first unprovoked seizure, 61 (39%) patients experienced subsequent seizure. The cumulative risk of seizure recurrence was 28.5, 37.6, and 42.3% at 6, 12, and 18 months. The median time to recurrence was 3 months, with 72% of recurrence occurring within 6 months, 92% within 1 year, and 100% within 2 years. On univariate analysis, risk factors for seizure recurrence included an etiology of seizure and abnormal EEG. In idiopathic cases, the risk factor was an EEG abnormality. CONCLUSION: Many of the children with a first unprovoked seizure will not have recurrences. The recurrence risk of a first unprovoked seizure in children have statistically correlated with the etiology of seizure(cryptogenic and symptomatic) and abnormal EEG. Children with an idiopathic first seizure and a normal EEG have a particularly favorable prognosis.
Ambulatory Care ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Paresis ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies* ; Recurrence* ; Risk Factors ; Seizures* ; Seizures, Febrile

It is well known that the merit of total hip replacement is to provide rather satisfactory range of motion with relief of pain among reconstructive procedures. Therefore it is presumed that the ankylosed hip could gain range of motion by reconstruction of artificial joint, it the muscles around the hip is adequate. Furthermore when the patient has some problems in the back or knee secondary to ankylosed and deformed hip, any kind of reconstructive surgery, maybe total hip replacement is necessary which gives range of motion and correct deformity of the hip. Our result total hip replacements for fifteen ankylos d hips of twelve patients that were followed more than one year is gratifying to all patients with relief of pain and relatively satisfactory range of motion.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Hip ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Muscles ; Range of Motion, Articular

No abstract available.
Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis C Antibodies* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; Prevalence*

To investigate the change of cell cycle by genotoxic stress and rebound proliferation in human keratinocytes, the proportions of cell cycle phases were estimated with challenge of UVB irradiation (200 J/m2). With UVB irradiation cell cycle was estimated by Cell Fit program in Flowcytometer, and main change of the cell cycle was S-phase pro-longation. In karyotyping, near diploid number of chromosomes changed to hypoteraploid number. Cell cycle phase was estimated in two groups of cells, near diploid and hypoteraploid. In near dipoid cells, S-phase prolongation was specific phenomenon, while specific G0-G1 phase prolongation was shown in hypoteraploid cells which made transformed foci in culture. The new structural anomalies were del (5q21), 8p+, and t (5 : 8)(q21 : pter). Among them, del (5q21) was found in all transformed hypotetraploid cells. These data suggest that progress of cell cycle could be [G1-S-(G2-G1)-S] by UVB irradiation and deletion of 5q21 has a key role for anchorage independent growth, which is deletion of tumor suppressor gene APC locus. That is one of important mechanisms in keratinocyte transformation by UVB irradiation. With the changes of chromosome number and cell cycle, sizes of nuclei got to bigger by two times and growth rate was delayed.
Cell Cycle* ; Diploidy ; DNA Damage ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans* ; Karyotype* ; Karyotyping ; Keratinocytes*

Arrhythmias can develop in various cardiac diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease. It can also contribute to the aggravation of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Redox stress and Ca2+ overload are thought to be the important triggering factors in the generation of arrhythmias in failing myocardium. From recent studies, it appears evident that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a central role in the arrhythmogenic processes in heart failure by sensing intracellular Ca2+ and redox stress, affecting individual ion channels and thereby leading to electrical instability in the heart. CaMKII, a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, is an abundant molecule in the neuron and the heart. It has a specific property as "a memory molecule" such that the binding of calcified calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) to the regulatory domain on CaMKII initially activates this enzyme. Further, it allows autophosphorylation of T287 or oxidation of M281/282 in the regulatory domain, resulting in sustained activation of CaMKII even after the dissociation of Ca2+/CaM. This review provides the understanding of both the structural and functional properties of CaMKII, the experimental findings of the interactions between CaMKII, redox stress and individual ion channels, and the evidences proving the potential participation of CaMKII and oxidative stress in the diverse arrhythmogenic processes in a diseased heart.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calmodulin ; Cardiomyopathies ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Ion Channels ; Memory ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocardium ; Neurons ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Protein Kinases

The extensive knowledge of accurate anatomical morphology and acceptable proportion of the eyelid and orbit should be needed for plastic surgeons. The normal morphological and functional values of eyelids and orbits are variable according to races, sex and ages, and there are a few articles concerning them in Korea yet. The author measured eigt items of morphological and functional values of eyelids in Koreans and statistically analyzed them in 498 individuals including 234 males and 264 females. We divided them into nine age-related groups and measured the values. Especially, we subdivided 10 to 19 year-old group into three subgroup concretely because most of the values in the 10 to 19 year-old group reach the peak level of growth. The mean values in adults were recorded as follows: The horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure was 27.0 +/- 1.8 mm in males and 26.8 +/- 1,7 mm in females and the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure was 8.0 +/- 1.0 mm in female. The slant of the palpebral fissure was 7.9 +/- 2.4 degrees in males and 8.8 +/- 2.3 degrees in females and the height of the opened upper eyelid was 12.4 +/- 2.4 mm in males and 12.0 +/- 1.9 mm in females. The height of double fold in closed eye was 6.6 mm in males and 6.5 mm in femals and the intercanthal distance was 38.4 +/- 3.0 mm in males and 38.2 +/- 2.8 mm in females. The interpupillary distance was 64.6 +/- 2.9 mm in males and 63.6 +/- 2.9 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 36.1% of Korean. The average height of the double fold in closed eye was about 6.5 mm. The epicanthus present in 58.6% of Korean eyes and the most commom type was epicantus tarsalis. The growth of eyelids reached the peak level at teenager in a great portion. After the peak level, the changing pattern of eyelids could be divided into 3 groups; the first one was increasing more, the second was stationary, and the third was decreasing gradually. The peak levle of growth reached at 10 to 13-year-old in the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure, at 14 to 16-year-old in the intercanthal distance, at 17 to 19-year-old in the horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Continental Population Groups ; Eyelids* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Orbit* ; Vertical Dimension ; Young Adult

Twenty-five Le Fort fractures accompanying palatal fracture or malocculsion had been studied from October 1990 to May 1997. The patients were analyzed on the basis of classification causes, operative procedure treatment of fracture, status of malocclusion and complication. The most common cause of fracture was a traffic accident and diagnosis was performed by history, physical examination, reontgenogram, and computed tomography. The follow-up period ranged from 5 months to 5 years, averaging 17 months. Internal fixations with plates and screws were performed in 22 cases and external fixations with halo apparatus were used in 3 cases. Intermaxillary fixations with arch bar were applied during the preoperative and postoperative period in all cases. In 6 cases of Le Fort fractures, acylic splints were applied. In 3 cases of palatal fractures, transverse wiring of the palatal arch were also used. Overall 19 of 25 patients were satisfied with the results. Six patients complained about depression of the midface because of undercorrection 4 patients had persisting hypoesthesia of the infraorbital nerve for more than 6 months postoperative. In summary, the dental plast and acrylic splint are very helpful in correcting malocclusion in severe maxillary fractures. Also, in cases of palatal fracture, it is important to minimize maloccusion by rigid fixation or transverse wiring of the palatal arch.
Accidents, Traffic ; Classification ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Malocclusion* ; Maxillary Fractures* ; Physical Examination ; Postoperative Period ; Splints ; Surgical Procedures, Operative