Death is the critical moment of life. All elderly are faced with death. Therefore, the elderly's notion of death must be include in holistic care for the elderly. The purpose of this study was to understand the elderly's notion of death. The research questions were "What is the elderly's notion of death?", and "What is the embedded meaning of the elderly's notion of death?". This study was conducted using an ethnographic approch. The fieldwork for this study was done from July 1996 to July 1998 on an island in Chonbuk province. Data were collected by indepth interviews and participant observation. The result of this study is as follows The elderly's notion of death was founded on 'Being a ancestor god', 'Evaluation of one's own life', 'Be sujected to the evil(BuJung : the taboo of uncleanness)' 'Being a ancestor god' means the notion of death leading to eternal life. It means a relationship to this world, So, it is required for all descendants, especialy the son. Also, they thought that the Spirit is greater importance mote thait the body, and that the spirit is embedded in bone. And so, the spirit is delivered to descendants through a propitious site for grave(MoungDang). It is thought toa change in the fortune of the descendants(Balbok). 'Evaluation of ons's own life' means that life was evaluated personally and socially throughout the dy ing process. This means reflection on an individual's life and interpersonal relationship's, and appearance social aspects of the individual death. 'BuJung(be subjected to the evil)' emerged as fear about death, and pursuit of the cause of death, Most of the causes were attributed to supernatural entities. It contributed to the inspiration of a cornmunity identity. The elderly's notion of death was the present world oriented and actualized. This study contributed to the nurse's understanding of the Korean elderly's notion of death. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research were discussed. Further research at other settings and using other research methods were recommended.
Aged ; Cause of Death ; Education ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Nursing ; Taboo

The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of urinary incontinence of elderly women in Korea, to identify the life style for urinary incontinence. The sample consisted of 237 women of Seoul and 5 Provinces. Data for this study was collected from January 16 to June 23 by structured questionnaire. Urinary Symptom Questionnaire developed by Jackson and demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, Chi-Square test, Chronbach alpha coefficient with SPSS/PC+ program. 1. It was reported that 64.5% of the subjects have experienced urinary incontinence. And stress, urge, and mixed type incontinence was 34.0%, 8.5%, 57.5% respectively. 2. Characteristics related to urinary incontinence are : Daily frequency 28.7%, nocturia 71.5%, urgency 74.0%, bladder pain 36.7%, unexplained incontinence 35.1%, noctural incontinence 23.5%, frequency of incontinence 23.3%. Wearing protection 42.3%, changing outer clothing 31.0%, hesitancy 17.1%, straining 24.7%, intermittent stream 27.2%, abnormal strength of stream 28.4%, retention 13.6%, burning 5.0%, incomplete emptying 13.6%, Inability to stop mid stream 32.5%. 3. The life style and incidence with urinary incontinence were as following. Fluid intake restriction 18.6%, interference in daily task 30.3%, avoidance of places and situation 28.0%, interference in physical activity 22.3%, interference in relationship with other people 16.6%, interference in relationship with husband/companion 4.5%, time after attack of urinary symptoms 81.5%. In terms of the feeling about the rest of life with urinary symptom, perfectly happy 5.0%, pleased 10.6%, mostly satisfied 18.7%, mixed feelings 28.6%, mostly dissatisfied 20.1%, very unhappy 16.8%, desperate 0.3%. 4. Significant relation between incidence of urinary incontinence and life style. Significant differences between Fluid intake restriction(X2=8.876, P=0.002), affected daily task(X2=32.113, P0.000), avoidance of places and situation(X2=30.155, P=0.000), interference in physical activity(X2=30.209, P=0.000), interference in relationship with other people(X2=26.091, P=0.000). In terms of the feeling about the rest of life with urinary symptom(X2=43.425, P=0.000) of life style and incidence of urinary incontinence. In conclusion, this study were preliminary study to provide nursing practices guidelines for elderly urinary incontinence. Nurses working with elderly should develop and provide adequate care for the incontinent elderly subjects.
Aged* ; Burns ; Clothing ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Life Style ; Motor Activity ; Nocturia ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Rivers ; Seoul ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Motor Activity*

A 24-year-old man presented with a 1.5 × 0.5 cm-sized erythematous nodule with central crust on the forehead since 5 years ago. There was no history of trauma or previous skin disorders. Histopathologic examination showed a typical picture of osteoma cutis. In addition, transepidermal elimination of bony material was observed: red linear plate-like calcified lamella structures had extruded to the skin surface through the perforated epidermis. The perforating type of osteoma cutis was discussed.
Epidermis ; Forehead ; Humans ; Osteoma* ; Skin ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To evaluate the predictive factors of radiation pneumonitis (RP) and associated changes in pulmonary function after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 60 patients with NSCLC who received definitive CCRT were retrospectively reviewed. Dose volumetric (DV) parameters, clinical factors, and pulmonary function test (PFT) data were analyzed. RP was graded according to the CTCAE ver. 4.0. Percentage of lung volume that received a dose of threshold (Vdose) and mean lung dose (MLD) were analyzed for potential DV predictors. PFT changes were calculated as the difference between pre-RT and post-RT values at 3, 6, and 12 months after RT. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (37%) developed grade > or =2 RP. Among clinical factors, tumor location in lower lobe was associated with RP. Among the DV parameters, only MLD >15 Gy was associated with grade > or =2 RP. There were statistically significant decreases in PFT at all points compared with pre-RT values in grade > or =2 RP group. MLD was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) changes at 6 and 12 months. V10 was associated with FVC changes at 12 months. V20 and V30 were associated with FEV1 changes at 6 months and FVC changes at 12 months. CONCLUSION: After definitive CCRT in patients with NSCLC, MLD >15 Gy and lower lobe tumor location were predictors of grade > or =2 RP. Pulmonary functions were decreased after CCRT and the magnitude of changes was associated with DV parameters.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Lung ; Medical Records ; Radiation Pneumonitis ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Vital Capacity

No abstract available.
Dendritic Cells, Follicular*

A practical and convenient method of rearing Eucyclops serrulatus in a microculture environment is described. A complete life cycle of E. serrulatus was maintained in a narrow space on a microscope slide glass on which a cover glass of 22 x 40 mm in size was mounted at a height of 0.8 mm. The culture medium was constituted by bottled mineral water boiled with grains of Glycine max (soybean). Chilomonas paramecium, a free-living protozoan organism, was provided as live food. Growth of nauplii hatched from eggs to the first stage of copepodite took an average of 7.7 days, and the growth of copepodite 1 to the egg-bearing adult female took an average of 20.1 days in the microculture cell with an average life time of 44.7 days. Continuous passage of copepods was successfully maintained as long as sufficient medium and food were provided. The microculture method enables an in situ microscopic observation on the growth and developmental process of helminth larvae experimentally infected to copepods as well as of copepod itself. Furthermore, it does not require anesthetization and, therefore, minimize the amount of stress exposed to copepods during the handling process.
Protozoa ; Male ; Female ; Culture Techniques/*methods ; Culture Media ; Copepoda/*growth & development ; Animals

With increasing tendency of incidence and interest for the late onset schzophrenia, concerns about whether this disorder is etiologically or phenomenogically distinctive entity or not have increased also. To clarify the disease entity of the late onset schzophrenia and the role of structural brain changes in its etiology, authors tried to prove following hypothesis : Are there any evidences of structural brain changes in the late-onset schizophrenia? ; If present, are they not different from those of the early-onset schizophrenia or progressive schizophrenia? ; And are they not different from those of senile dementia? Subjects were 6 patients with the late-onset schizophrenia, 6 patients with the early-onset schizophrenia, 6 patients with progressive schizophrenia, 6 patients with Alzheimer's dementia, and 6 controls. We measured regions of interest of the magnetic resonance images by computer assisted planimetry using the AutoCad and digitizer. Our study results may suggest that the third ventricular enlargement and a reversal of normal difference between left and right temporal lobe and left-right difference in posterior lateral ventricle are common brain pathology for all type of schizophrenia including the late onset schzophrenia. And also suggest that brain structural changes of the late onset schizophrenia are related with neurodevelopmental abnormality rather than degenerative change.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Brain Diseases ; Brain* ; Dementia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lateral Ventricles ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Schizophrenia* ; Temporal Lobe

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor* ; Egg Hypersensitivity* ; Ovum*

The diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphoma is based on a combination of clinical, histological, immunophenotypic and genetic criteria. Nineteen cases of primary cutaneous lymphomas were studied for clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. Seventeen (89%) cases were T cell origin and two cases (11%) were B cell origin. CD30-positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder was the most frequent subtype, occupying 42% (8 cases) of the cases. CD8 was positive in 5 cases consisting of 3 cutaneous T cell lymphomas and 2 anaplastic large cell lymphomas. CD4 was positive in 2 cases of mycosis fungoides and 3 cases of lymphomatoid papulosis. Six (67%) of 9 cases of cutaneous T cell lymphoma were positive for TIA-1. Ten (83%) out of 12 cases showed clonal rearrangements of TCR gamma genes, however, one T/NK cell lymphoma and one anaplastic large cell lymphoma did not. EBV association was detected only in T/NK cell lymphomas among 10 cases examined. In conclusion, our study showed higher proportion of CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and less frequent mycosis fungoides in Korea compared to the incidences in Western countries. Our immunostaining results suggested that mycosis fungoides and lymphomatoid papulosis are CD4-positive T cell origin, however, the remaining primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma is predominantly CD8-positive cytotoxic T cell origin.
Diagnosis ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous ; Lymphomatoid Papulosis ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders ; Mycosis Fungoides