PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly of 180 caregiver trainees. METHODS: Data were collected from five caregiver training institutions located in G city. All subjects were surveyed about the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly by using the Training Effectiveness Scale and the Behavior towards the Elderly Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The study subjects gained a training effectiveness score of 3.84 out of 5 points and a behavior towards the elderly score 3.40 out of 4 points. The training effectiveness differed significantly depending on subject's characteristics, intention to work as a caregiver, and hours of training. There were significant differences in behavior towards the elderly depending on their age and hours of training. The training effectiveness was significantly correlated with the level of behavior towards the elderly. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated the necessity of developing a level of educational training that will help improve caregiver trainees' care by positively changing their behavior towards the elderly.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aroma massage on pruritus, skin pH, skin hydration and sleep in elders in long-term care hospitals. METHODS: The participants were elders over 65 years old admitted to long-term care. They were assigned to the experimental group (26) or control group (28). Data were collected from May to August, 2012. Visual Analogue Scale and Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep scale were used to identify levels of pruritus and sleep. A skin-pH meter and moisture checker were used to measure skin pH and skin hydration. Aroma massage was performed three times a week for 4 weeks for elders in the experimental group. The data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 17.0 program. RESULTS: There were significant differences in pruritus, skin pH and skin hydration between the two groups. However there was no significant difference in sleep. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that aroma massage is effective in reducing pruritus, skin pH and increasing skin hydration in elders. Therefore, this intervention can be utilized in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention to reduce pruritus in elders in long-term care hospitals.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aromatherapy/*standards ; Female ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Long-Term Care ; Male ; Massage ; Pruritus/*therapy ; Skin/*metabolism/pathology ; *Sleep

Early MRI and arthroscopic findings were compared to evaluate the efficacy of the former for patients, who upon physical examination, were diagnosed with possihle acute ACL tears. MRI, taken between 1-21 days after injury, had to reveal complete ACL tears and arthroscopic surgery should have taken place 3-12 weeks after the injury for patients of this prospective study. Fifty such cases were initially catagorized according to five MRI patterns. Types I to V were separated by the following ACL tear characteristics: Enlarged and diffusely increased in signal, horizontally oriented, non-visualized, discontinuous and vertically oriented. The cases were then divided into two groups of arthroscopic findings; Group A included cases of complete ACL tearing and group B included those with intact or minimally torn ACLs. Of MRI types I through V, there were 31, 9, 5, 4, and I cases of each respectively. 37 cases resulted in complete ACL tears (21 type I, 6 type II, 5 type III, 4 type IV and 1 type V) and 13 cases were catagorized into group B, 10 of which had pattern type I and 3 of which had pattern type II. As result, types III, IV and V had a 100% Positive Predictive Value (PPV) whereas types I and II together had a 67% PPV vaiue. Division of the cases into the five pattern types in early MRI proved valuble for possible cases of acute ACL tears. MRI pattern types III, IV and V were correlated with definite complete ACL tears. However, caution must be taken for types I and II, the majority of the cases, for which there exists a significant possibility for misdiagnosis and consequently unnecessary arthroscopic surgery.
Arthroscopy ; Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Knee ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Physical Examination ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with atopic dermatitis in Korean adults. METHODS: The data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey on 2008. Subjects of this study were 7,280 adults aged older than 18 years. The data were analyzed for demographic characteristics, health status, alcohol drinking, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, stress, depression, and suicidal ideation between atopy group and non-atopy group. RESULTS: Among 7,280 subjects, 2.9% of Korean adults had a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis from doctor. Multiple logistic regression identified that the presence of atopic dermatitis was associated with marital status (OR=2.66, CI 1.84~3.86, p<.001), rhinitis (OR=1.52, CI 1.04~2.22, p = .030), and depression (OR=1.89, CI 1.04~3.41, p = .036). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, marital status, rhinitis, and depression should be considered in addressing individuals with atopic dermatitis. And the other factors contributing to atopic dermatitis need to be specifically identified.
Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Asthma ; Depression ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Nutrition Surveys ; Rhinitis ; Risk Factors ; Sinusitis ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Suicidal Ideation

BACKGROUND: Neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis are the major factors responsible for vascular access occlusion. Previous studies suggested that the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Recent studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism may have a association with venous thrombosis. We conducted a retrospective case control study to determine the influence of ACE gene polymorphism on the progression of radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistulae (RCAVF). Also, we investigated the association between ACE polymorphism and various thrombotic factors in thrombosed and nonthrombosed subjects. METHODS: 56 patients (24 males and 32 females, mean age 49.8, age range 12-81) whose RCAVF had been maintained in good condition after 2 months of vascular access operation were included in this study. Lipoprotein (a), total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocystein were measured before hemodialysis session in fasting state. Clinical data such as body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, hypertension, and diabetes were retrieved from patient's records. The ACE genotype was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The incidence of diabetes and cigarette smoking were similar in the three genotypes. There were no significant differences in BMI, total cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), CRP and homocystein (p=0.551, 0.429, 0.279, 0.392, 0.124, respectively) among DD, ID and II genotypes. The percentage of the DD, ID and II genotypes were 16%, 43%, 41%, respectively. Compared with the ID and II genotypes, the proportion of the thrombosed AV shunts was larger in DD genotypes. But there was no statistically significant difference between ACE polymorphism and RCAVF thrombosis (x2=1.027, df=2, p=0.598). ACE polymorphism is shown to have no association with body mass index, blood level of total cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), CRP and homocystein. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ACE polymorphism may have some influences on the vascular access occlusion in maintenance hemodialysis patients and have no relationship with body mass index, total cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), CRP and homocystein.
Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Body Mass Index ; C-Reactive Protein ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Renal Dialysis* ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Retrospective Studies ; Smoking ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis ; Wrist

A previously healthy 44-year-old male was admitted with the chief complaint of intermittent gross hematuria. On initial ultrasonographic and CT examination, a grossly protruding intravesical tumor was noted and, under the impression of a malignant bladder tumor, transurethral resection was performed. The histological findings were spindle cells with elongated cytoplasm with rare mitotic figures distributed in myxoid stroma, consistent with diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor of the bladder. The benign nature of this tumor warrants conservative surgical management, usually consisting of transurethral resection or partial cystectomy. No reports of metastasis have been reported following complete excision. Therefore, any suspicion and recognition of this entity is imperative to avoid performing an irreversible radical procedure.
Adult ; Bladder Diseases/surgery ; Bladder Diseases/pathology* ; Case Report ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell/surgery ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell/pathology* ; Human ; Male

Verrucous carcinoma is a low grade, well differentiated, unusual variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It has been described to represent an intermediate lesion between condyloma acuminata and squamous cell carcinoma. Since malignant transformation of verrucous carcinoma has been reported to occur in 30-50% of cases, the first line treatment for verrucous carcinoma is surgery, preferably Mohs surgery. Herein, we describe a case of recurrent verrucous carcinoma on the right buttock of a man with a history of radical excision and radiotherapy of a previous perianal verrucous carcinoma. The patient was successfully treated with 5% imiquimod cream, an immune response modifier with potential antiviral and antitumor effects. Imiquimod may be an effective treatment for verrucous carcinoma and presents an alternative therapy to surgical excision.
Buttocks ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Carcinoma, Verrucous* ; Humans ; Mohs Surgery ; Radiotherapy

Allergic angitis and granulomatosis is a kind of rare systemic vasculitis, with various manifestations of disease of lung, heart, skin, musculoskeletal system, nervous system and hepatobiliary tract. There was no report of a case with manifestation of pleuritis and pericarditis, while several cases had been reported in Korea. So we here report a case of allergic angitis and granulomatosis with manifestations of pleuritis and pericarditis. The case also showed clinical manifestations of hypereosinophilia, asthma, rhinitis, pulmonary infilterates with eosinophilia and nephritis. Open lung biopsy showed arteritis with heavy infilteration of activated eosinophil in lung, pleura and pericardium. The involvement of heart might cause critical complication leading death. The patients who are supposed as allergic angitis and granulomatosis should be examined for the involvement of heart.
Arteritis ; Asthma ; Biopsy ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Heart ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Musculoskeletal System ; Nephritis ; Nervous System ; Pericarditis* ; Pericardium ; Pleura ; Pleurisy* ; Rhinitis ; Skin ; Systemic Vasculitis

Spitz nevi, benign melanocytic tumors, have some histologic resemblance to malignant melanoma. They usually appear as asymptomatic, solitary, reddish to pinkish, hairless, dome-shaped, round to oval, smooth-surfaced papules or nodules, measuring less than 1.0 cm in diameter. Histologically, these lesions display striking nests of large spindle cells and epithelioid cells, usually extending from the epidermis to the reticular dermis. Here in, we report a case of Spitz nevus on the helix of the right ear of a 23-year-old man which was treated with Er:YAG laser.
Dermis ; Ear* ; Epidermis ; Epithelioid Cells ; Humans ; Melanoma ; Nevus ; Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell* ; Strikes, Employee ; Young Adult

Tubular apocrine adenoma is a well-circumscribed, intradermal benign tumor, with tubular structures showing apocrine differentiation. Histologically, the characteristic features are various-sized dilated tubules with intraluminary papillary projection and apocrine decapitation secretion. It usually presents as a solitary lesion and is sometimes associated with nevus sebaceous and/or syringocystadenoma papilliferum. We have in report a case of tubular apocrine adenoma with epidermal cysts which developed in the right inguinal area of a 37-year-old man.
Adenoma* ; Adult ; Decapitation ; Epidermal Cyst ; Humans ; Nevus