O1igodendrocytes are known to be responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin sheath in the central nervous system, and their functional disturbance leads to defect in myelination. But, the fine mechanism of myelination by oligodendrocytes is not yet known, and iron metabolism in central nervous system is suspected to be related with myelination process by oligodendrocytes. Carbonic anhydrase-II[CA-II], transfe-rrin, and ferritin are known to be present at oligodendrocytes and suspected to play a role in iron metabolism of central nervous system. In this study, demyelination and remyelination of ICR mouse brains were induced using cuprizone, the copper-chelating agent, and immunohistochemical changes of CA-II-, transferrin-, and ferritin-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes at corpus callosum were observed. During demyelination by cuprizone feeding, the numbers of CA-II- and transferrin-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes were decreased. Especially, the decrease ratio of CA-II-positive cells was great. In contrast, the number of ferritin-positive oligodendrocytes was increased during demyelination by cuprizone feeding. Cessation of cuprizone feeding leaded remyelination and the numbers of CA-II-, transferrin-, and ferritin-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes were returned to normal level. In conclusion, the derangement of iron metabolism in oligodendrocytes may be related to demyelination mechanism of central nervous system, and the CA-II is suspected to have an important role in iron metabolism of oligodenrocytes in relation to demyelination and remyelination induced with cuprizone.
Animals ; Brain ; Carbon* ; Central Nervous System ; Corpus Callosum ; Cuprizone* ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Ferritins ; Iron ; Iron-Binding Proteins* ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Myelin Sheath ; Oligodendroglia ; Transferrin

The variant terminal trunk of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) could be confused with the ileocolic artery (ICA) as it runs on the right side of the superior mesenteric vein. If the variant ileal branch of SMA is mistaken for the ICA, unintentional ligation could cause long-segment ischemia in the ileum. We encountered a rare case of ileal ischemia caused by unintentional ligation of the variant ileal branch of the SMA during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy, which was confirmed by indocyanine green (ICG) angiography and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Intraoperative real-time perfusion monitoring using ICG angiography and tissue oxygen saturation monitoring using HSI could help detect segments of hypoperfusion and prevent hypoperfusion-related anastomotic complications.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to explore the cyber world immersion experience of adolescents. METHOD: Multiple strategies for data collecting were used: an in depth face-to-face interview; analysis of adolescent` writings; and analysis of examples of phenomenon in the realistic world. The sample group consisted of 10 adolescents. RESULT: Although the experience was different for all adolescent interviewed, the essential themes of experience emerged: "fill up", "homoeologous feeling", "the older generation has a conflicting negative opinion", "change in social character", "become habitually skeptic", "have bad health", "mean of superiority and getting everything solved", "ease of access", "monetary benefit", "addiction to the computer", "forget real life solved stress", "do harm to society", "take comfort", or "new job". CONCLUSION: Accordingly this paper suggests that contact with various software is necessary in adolescents, and good quality contents function to prepare and activate adolescents to apply the internet for good use.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Adult ; *Attitude to Computers ; Humans ; *Internet ; Male

PURPOSE: The purpose is to correlate computed tomographic findings classified according to the degree of disease severity(grading A-E) with clinical course of acute pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: in a retrospective review of 42 patients with acute pancreatitis, computed tomographic scans were classifed according to the degree of disease severity, and were correlatd with the clinical course. RESULTS: Pancreatic abscesses were seen in 14.3% and occured in 35.7% of grade D and E patients. Three patients with abscess died. Fatty infiltration of the liver was noted in 16.7%, pleural effusion in 21.4%.. stones and thickened wall of the gallbladder were present in 7.1% and in 9.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that phlegmonous extrapancreatic spread on initial CT scan had a high predictive value of the patients, prognosis.
Abscess ; Cellulitis ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Liver ; Pancreatitis* ; Pleural Effusion ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the normal anatomy of the lymphatic system draining the biliary trees and the prevalence of variable lymphatic spread of primary biliary carcinoma into these extrahepatic planes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 46 pathologically confirmed among 116 cases underwent abdominal CT. RESULTS: Of 17 patients with gallbladder cancer, nodal metastsis was proved in 10(59%) cases, direct organ invasion in 3(18%) cases, and peritoneal spread in 2(12%) cases. After a radicaloperation, nodal invasion was developed in 4 patients and peritoneal spread in 5 patients. Of 11 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, nodal metastasis was proved in 6(55%) patients. Four patients developed paritoneal dissemination later. Of 18 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, however, nodal metastasis was proved in only 6(33%), but 5 among 12 patients who took a radical operation showed recurrence. CONCLUSION: The lymph node of the foramen of Winslow and pancreaticoduodenal lymph node were prevalent sites in the nodal metastasis of biliary carcinoma and CT was helpful in the indentification of this lymphadenopathy and extrabiliary spread on both initial and follow-up studies.
Cholangiocarcinoma ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphatic System ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of intervertebral disc enhancement seen in tuberculous and pyogenic spondylitis, and to evaluate their utility in differentiating between the two groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance images obtained in 31 consecutive infectious spondylitis patients (43 discs) in whom intervention occurred due to infected vertebral bodies, were retrospectively analysed. Nineteen of the patients had tuberculosis and 12 were infected by pyogenic organisms. After analysis, the patterns of disc enhancement revealed by contrast-enhanced T1-weighted axial and sagittal MR imaging were classified as of four types: Type I, non-enhancing; Type II, enhancement of the peripheral margin of the disc; Type III, enhancement of the peripheral margin and central area adjacent to the cortical vertebral endplate; Type IV, general enhancement and/or destruction of the disc. RESULTS: There were 19 cases of tuberculous spondylitis involving 28 intervertebral discs, and the enhancement patterns observed were as follows: Type I: n=4, 14%, Type II: n=17, 61%, Type III: n=1, 4%, Type IV: n=6, 21%. Twelve cases of pyogenic spondylitis involved 15 intervertebral discs; the enhancement patterns observed in these cases were as follows: Type I: n=1, 7%, Type II: n=2, 13%, Type III: n=10, 67%, Type IV: n=2, 13%. CONCLUSION: Careful analysis of the patterns of disc enhancement occurring in infectious spondylitis can be useful for differentiating between the tuberculous and pyogenic varieties of this condition.
Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Spondylitis* ; Tuberculosis

Actinomycosis is a rare, chronic disease, mainly caused by Actinomyces israelii that are present in the normal flora of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Opportunistic infection can occur if there is a break in the mucosal barrier or immunosuppressant condition. Factors that precipitate actinomycosis include surgery, inflammation, perforation, and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Esophageal actinomycosis is an extremely rare presentation, especially in immunocompetent patients. We report an unusual case of esophageal actinomycosis in an immunocompetent patient with review of the natural course of esophageal actinomycosis without treatment.
Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis* ; Chronic Disease ; Esophagus ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Immunocompetence ; Inflammation ; Intrauterine Devices ; Mouth ; Opportunistic Infections

PURPOSE: The etiology of the Kawasaki disease remains unclear, many strong clinical and epidemiologic characteristics suggest an infectious etiology. However, conventional bacterial and viral cultures and extensive serologic studies have not revealed a consistent causative agent. Thus we studied the Epstein Barr virus(EBV), one of the most important pathogens, to access the association between the EBV and Kawasaki disease. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with Kawasaki disease were studied between June 1993 and July 1994 at Ewha Womans University Hospital. The control children were composed of 145 patients who have no evidence of Kawasaki disease or EBV infection. The VCA -IgM and IgG titer were measured in both groups by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. RESULTS: 1) The positive rate of VCA-IgG was significantly higher in Kawasaki disease group (75.0%) compared with the control group(59.4%). 2) The positive rate of VCA-IgM, the indicator of acute EBV infection, was significantly higher in Kawasaki disease(13.9%) compared with the control group(2.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The high positive rate of EBV antibody measured in Kawasaki disease patients suggested that EBV might be etiologic pathogen of Kawasaki disease. While the stereotyped nature of Kawasaki disease makes the multiple pathogenesis, more extensive research for identifying the cause of Kawasaki disease will be necessary.
Antibodies* ; Child ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Female ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome*

OBJECTIVES: Deficit schizophrenia (DS) constitutes a disease separate from non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). The aim of the current study was to compare the quantitative EEG and low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) imaging between DS and NDS. METHODS: This study was performed by 32 channels EEG for 42 schizophrenia patients who we categorized into DS and NDS using proxy instrument deficit syndrome (PDS). We performed the absolute power spectral analyses for delta, theta, alpha, low beta and high beta activities. We compared power spectrum between two groups using Independent t-test. Partial correlation test was performed with clinical parameters. Standardized LORETA (sLORETA) was used for comparison of cortical activity, and statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) was applied for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: DS showed significantly increased delta and theta absolute power in fontal and parietal region compared with NDS (p<0.05). Power spectrum showed significant correlation with 'anergia' and 'hostility/suspiciousness' subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS)(p<0.05). sLORETA found out the source region (anterior cingulate cortex/limbic part) that delta activity was significantly increased in DS (p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: DS showed different cortical activity compared with NDS. Our results may suggest QEEG and LORETA could be the marker in differentiating between DS and NDS.
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Magnets ; Naphthalenesulfonates ; Proxy ; Schizophrenia

A biliary cystadenoma (BC) and a cystadenocarcinoma (BCA) are rare neoplasms of the liver. Among 178 patients with primary liver neoplasms who underwent surgery during the last two years at our department, there were only one case of BC and three cases of BCA. The BC case was a 57-year-old female with 15-cm-sized multilocular cystic mass containing mucin. That patient, who had undergone a simple excision of a liver cyst 6 years earlier under the diagnosis of a cystadenoma, received a repeated wedge resection and is still doing well, no recurrence, 41 months after the resection. One BCA case was a 59-year-old female with an 8-cm-sized multilocular cystic mass. She underwent an extended left lobectomy and is still alive, without recurrence, 55 months later. Another BCA case was 77-year-old female with multiple multilocular masses which had degenerated due to sclerotherapy; the masses were removed by a wedge resection. She has been alive 35 months without recurrence. The other BCA case was a 37-year-old female with a 10-cm-sized unilocular mass with lung metastasis. She underwent an extended left lobectomy and survived 22 months. Malignant transformation of a BC to a BCA is well documented, and recurrence is the rule following incomplete resection. Complete resection of a BC and radical resection of a BCA seem to offer a chance for long-term survival.
Adult ; Aged ; Cystadenocarcinoma* ; Cystadenoma* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Sclerotherapy