OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the present conditions of the mental retardation in a rural area by identifying the prevalence, socioeconomic characteristics and combined diseases of the subjects with mental retardation. METHODS: For this survey, four regions of a rural area with total population of 17,235 persons were chosen. The surveys were divided into 2 steps. After Key Informant Research(KIR) at first survey, one psychiatric specialist, two psychiatric residents and five clinical psychologists interviewed the high risk group who had been selected in KIR. By this two-step process, final diagnosis and degree of severity were confirmed. Diagnostic criteria of Mental Retardation by DSM-IV(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV), K-WAIS, Social Maturation Scale were used as diagnositc tools. RESULTS: Prevalence of Mental Retardation in survey areas was 0.42%. The prevalences in male and female were 0.37% and 0.47%, respectively, which were of no significant statistical difference. The relative ratio of each degree of mental retardation-mild, moderate, severe and profound mental retardation-was 33:47:18:3 respectively. The prevalence of moderate mental retardation was higher than that of any other degrees. By age groups, the prevalence in twenties and thirties was 0.69%, which was the highest of all age groups. The prevalence in forties and over was 0.35%, which was the lower than that of twenties and thirties(x2-18.64, p=0.00002). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of mental retardation in survey areas was 0.42%, which was higher than any other previous studies in Korea. The prevalence of mild mental retardation was relatively lower than that of other previous studies, which means that the key informants may not have detected the subjects with mild mental retardations who were relatively socially adaptive in rural areas, because they might have focused on the ability of social adaptation as an important feature in detecting the mental retardations. The prevalence of moderate mental retardation was 0.20%, higher than any other groups, which resulted from low rate of failure in the detection of the moderate mental retardations because of their severe deficits in social adaptation and from the higher prevalence than severe and profound mental retardation in reality. The prevalence of severe and profound mental retardation was low rate because they used to be short-lived due to combined medical illnesses and congenital anomalies. The persons with mental reatardation were in low socioeconomic status and had poor supporting systems.
Diagnosis ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability* ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Psychology ; Social Class ; Specialization

Supernumerary tooth, named mesodens, occur between the maxillary central incisors are generally found in pairs, although it is sometimes found singly. An inverted mesiodens may move toward the nasal cavity and erupt in the floor of the nose. Approximately 90% of all supernumerary tooth usually appear in the area of the maxilla, where they disrupt the position and eruption of normal teeth. A supernumerary tooth may closely resemble the teeth of the group to which it belongs, i.e., molars, premolars or anterior teeth.
Bicuspid ; Incisor ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Nasal Cavity* ; Nose ; Tooth ; Tooth, Supernumerary*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Background: Various treatment methods for facial skin anti-aging remain challenging. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a high/low-frequency ultrasound with a skin conditioning topical serum to improve skin conditions. Methods: A total of twenty healthy Korean participants aged 30∼65 years were recruited. Each participant was treated by a high/low-frequency ultrasound device (CIELO; Staronic) with a skin conditioning serum twice per week for 4 weeks during nine visits. Photographs of each participant were taken at baseline, before each treatment session, and 4 weeks after the last treatment using an imaging tool (Mark-Vu; PSI PLUS). Two-blinded independent evaluators assessed the results using the Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS). Melanin index (MI) and erythema index (EI) were evaluated using a mexameter. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was evaluated using a tewameter. Stratum corneum water content was evaluated using a corneometer. Participant satisfaction and adverse events were observed. Results: MI, EI, TEWL, and stratum corneum water content significantly improved at the ninth visit. A clinical improvement in the PGAIS was observed in 40% (8/20) of participants, and 75% (15/20) of participants reported a high satisfaction score. Conclusion High/low-frequency ultrasound combined with a regenerative serum is a potentially safe and effective option for facial skin anti-aging therapy.

Background: Various treatment methods for facial skin anti-aging remain challenging. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a high/low-frequency ultrasound with a skin conditioning topical serum to improve skin conditions. Methods: A total of twenty healthy Korean participants aged 30∼65 years were recruited. Each participant was treated by a high/low-frequency ultrasound device (CIELO; Staronic) with a skin conditioning serum twice per week for 4 weeks during nine visits. Photographs of each participant were taken at baseline, before each treatment session, and 4 weeks after the last treatment using an imaging tool (Mark-Vu; PSI PLUS). Two-blinded independent evaluators assessed the results using the Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS). Melanin index (MI) and erythema index (EI) were evaluated using a mexameter. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was evaluated using a tewameter. Stratum corneum water content was evaluated using a corneometer. Participant satisfaction and adverse events were observed. Results: MI, EI, TEWL, and stratum corneum water content significantly improved at the ninth visit. A clinical improvement in the PGAIS was observed in 40% (8/20) of participants, and 75% (15/20) of participants reported a high satisfaction score. Conclusion High/low-frequency ultrasound combined with a regenerative serum is a potentially safe and effective option for facial skin anti-aging therapy.

Background: Various treatment methods for facial skin anti-aging remain challenging. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a high/low-frequency ultrasound with a skin conditioning topical serum to improve skin conditions. Methods: A total of twenty healthy Korean participants aged 30∼65 years were recruited. Each participant was treated by a high/low-frequency ultrasound device (CIELO; Staronic) with a skin conditioning serum twice per week for 4 weeks during nine visits. Photographs of each participant were taken at baseline, before each treatment session, and 4 weeks after the last treatment using an imaging tool (Mark-Vu; PSI PLUS). Two-blinded independent evaluators assessed the results using the Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS). Melanin index (MI) and erythema index (EI) were evaluated using a mexameter. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was evaluated using a tewameter. Stratum corneum water content was evaluated using a corneometer. Participant satisfaction and adverse events were observed. Results: MI, EI, TEWL, and stratum corneum water content significantly improved at the ninth visit. A clinical improvement in the PGAIS was observed in 40% (8/20) of participants, and 75% (15/20) of participants reported a high satisfaction score. Conclusion High/low-frequency ultrasound combined with a regenerative serum is a potentially safe and effective option for facial skin anti-aging therapy.

Background: Various treatment methods for facial skin anti-aging remain challenging. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a high/low-frequency ultrasound with a skin conditioning topical serum to improve skin conditions. Methods: A total of twenty healthy Korean participants aged 30∼65 years were recruited. Each participant was treated by a high/low-frequency ultrasound device (CIELO; Staronic) with a skin conditioning serum twice per week for 4 weeks during nine visits. Photographs of each participant were taken at baseline, before each treatment session, and 4 weeks after the last treatment using an imaging tool (Mark-Vu; PSI PLUS). Two-blinded independent evaluators assessed the results using the Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS). Melanin index (MI) and erythema index (EI) were evaluated using a mexameter. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was evaluated using a tewameter. Stratum corneum water content was evaluated using a corneometer. Participant satisfaction and adverse events were observed. Results: MI, EI, TEWL, and stratum corneum water content significantly improved at the ninth visit. A clinical improvement in the PGAIS was observed in 40% (8/20) of participants, and 75% (15/20) of participants reported a high satisfaction score. Conclusion High/low-frequency ultrasound combined with a regenerative serum is a potentially safe and effective option for facial skin anti-aging therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, second primary gastrointestinal tumors are not uncommon. However, it is unclear whether a screening endoscopy is needed for detecting gastrointestinal neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer. Therefore, we analyzed the prevalence and independent risk factors for second primary gastrointestinal neoplasm in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: A consecutive series of 328 patients with primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy were included using our registry. An age- and sex-matched group of 328 control subjects was enrolled. We assessed risk factors of synchronous gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS: The prevalence of esophageal cancer with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of the control group (1.5% vs. 0.0%, p=0.011). An age of 54 years or more (OR, 1.033; 95% CI, 1.008-1.059; p=0.009) and male gender (OR, 4.974; 95% CI, 1.648-15.013; p=0.004) were risk factors for concomitant colorectal cancer or adenomas in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative colonoscopy can be recommended for detecting synchronous second primary colorectal lesions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with male sex regardless of age, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy is necessary in all head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients for detecting esophageal cancer.
Adenoma ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal* ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Head* ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Neck ; Neoplasms, Second Primary* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship betseen attachment style and somatization in patients with somatoform disorder. METHODS: Data was collected by self-report questionnaires. 134 normal subjects and 30 patients with somatoform disorder were enrolled in this study. All subjects completed a psychometric assessment that consisted the Revised Adults Attachment Scale (RAAS), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Sungshin Self-concept Inventory (SSCI), and SCL-90-R. RESULTS: 1) Somatoform patients showed more anxious attachment style than normal control. 2) Anxious attachments were combined with mistrust of their parents, emotional instability, and interpersonal mistrust which may play a significant portion of variance in somatization. CONCLUSION: We found that patients with somatoform disorder had more anxious attachment style than normal subjects. Insecure attachment patterns may significantly explain the phenomenon of somatization.
Adult ; Humans ; Parents ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Somatoform Disorders*