Herpes zoster is a localized vesicular eruption limited to the dermatome of a singl spinal or cranial sensory nerve. It is thought that the varicella-zoster virus enters the sensory nerve ending during the course of chickenpox and spreads up to theganglion and remains there in a latent state. If immunity is impaired, the virus replicates and migrates along sensory nerves to the skin or eye causing the lesins of zoster. The ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve can be affected in the zoster patients. If ocular involvement occurs in association with a varicella-zoster infection of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, a number of clinical changes may take place in the eye and adnexa. Therefore, authors analyzed 320 cases of the herpes zoster patients who had visited Chon Buk National University Hospital from 1981 to 1986. The results were as follows: 1. The sex distribution was 149(46.6%) male patients and 171(54.4%) females. 2. The peak incidence was in the 6th decades. 3. Thoracic nerve was involved in 134(41.9%) patients, lumbosacral in 65(20.3%), ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve in 59(18.4%), other trigeminal nerve, in 59(18.4%), and cervical in 28(8.8%). 4. 36 patients were associated with systemic diseases: tuberculosis in 12, diabetis mellitus in 8, steroid therapy for arthritis in 6, hepatitis in 5, malignancy in 4, physical trauma in 2, CO poisoning in 1, and chronic renal failure in 1. 5. Zoster ophthalmicus patients were 32 among 59 involved in ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. 6. The ocular leions were conjunctivities in 27(84.4%), keratitis in 13(40.6%), iritis in 10(31.3%), scleritis and episc1eritis in 9(28.1%), ptosis in 9(28.1%), and pupil distortion in 5(15.6%). 7. Complications and sequelae ensued in 23 patients: corneal opacity in 8, lid scar with retraction in 7, chronic ptosis in 3, post-herpetic neuralgia in 2, iris atrophy in 2, and chronic glauooma in 1.
Arthritis ; Atrophy ; Chickenpox ; Cicatrix ; Corneal Opacity ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Hepatitis ; Herpes Zoster* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iris ; Iritis ; Keratitis ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Male ; Neuralgia ; Poisoning ; Pupil ; Scleritis ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; Sex Distribution ; Skin ; Strabismus* ; Thoracic Nerves ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify factors that affect coping with fatigue in middle-aged men according to Q-methodology and to provide basic strategies for health promotion. METHOD: 25 subjects in Seoul, Incheon, Chung-buk classified 24 selected Q-statements in to 9 points standard. The collected data were analyzed by using a QUNAL pc program. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of coping with fatigue among middle-aged Korean men. 1st Type: Coping with fatigue through various kinds of game, using alcohol, smoking cigarette other than rest and sleep. 2nd Type : Coping with fatigue through rest and sleep, taking medicine or food which helps relieving fatigue. 3rd Type : Coping with fatigue through acitivities such as sports or trip other than sleep. CONCLUSION: We have found how Korean middle-aged men cope against fatigue through this research. To setup and apply different nursing intervention on each type based on this result is needed.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Fatigue* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Incheon ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nursing ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sports ; Tobacco Products

Chronic fatigue of the respiratory muscles has contributed to the decreased ventilatory capacity and reduced excercise tolerance of individuals with COPD, especially in kyphoscoliosis. Nasal mask BiPAP has been shown to be useful for the patient with nocturnal muscle fatigue and COPD. A 35-year-old man with severe kyphoscoliosis was admitted to ICU due to acute respiratory failure. He had been diagnosed of COPD and had been intubated with mechanical ventilatory support for 7 times. This time he was intubated with ventilatory support, too, in ICU and readmitted to the ICU for severe hypoxemia and hypercarbia from general ward. Thereafter he refused the intubation. Nasal mask BiPAP ventilatory support system was applied and IPAP, EPAP level being adjusted to the 12, 4 cmH2O under monitoring vital signs and arterial blood gas analysis. His condition was improved and discharged home with support of nasal mask BiPAP system after 33 day-stay in the ICU.
Adult ; Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Intubation ; Masks* ; Muscle Fatigue ; Patients' Rooms ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Muscles ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the parenting experience of mothers of premature infants in order to provide basic data for educational solutions and desirable directions. METHODS: Q-methodology was used as it provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item. The participants were 33 mothers of premature infants who sorted 34 selected Q-statements which were then classified into the shape of a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Subjectivity on parenting experience among the mothers was analyzed using the pc-QUANAL program. RESULTS: Four types of parenting experience were identified. Type I was named 'struggling', type II, 'self blame', type III, 'information collecting', and type IV, 'self-introspection'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs are needed for mothers of premature infants based on the four types of parenting experience.
Adult ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Infant, Premature ; Interviews as Topic ; Mothers/*psychology ; *Parenting ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to explore the prevalence of suicidal behavior and the risk or protecting factors. In addition, childhood trauma, school violence, and social support were hypothesized to have an association with suicidal behavior. METHODS: Data were collected by self-report questionnaire from 1219 students selected from middle schools in Guri-city, Korea. The students were asked to complete self-questionnaires and sociodemographic variables were collected for identification of factors associated with suicidal behavior. RESULTS: The prevalence of suicidal attempt was 1.1% (0.6%, 1.3%) from the total sample. Meaningful predictors of suicidal ideation were female, low socioeconomic status, low self-esteem, emotional abuse, neglect, delinquency, perpetration of school violence, family support, and friend support, in addition to the significant effect of depressive mood. In the case of suicidal attempt, female, low socioeconomic status, or delinquency showed a significant incremental effect, in addition to the explaining variance of depressive mood and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: Childhood experience should be dealt with, and school violence should be controlled in order to modulate mood disturbance and pessimistic ideation, which can block the channel to suicidal attempt. In addition, development of strategies for management of depression and delinquency is needed for prevention of suicidal attempt.
Adolescent* ; Depression ; Domestic Violence ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Class ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide ; Violence

PURPOSE: From the point of view that medical students are under the pressure of academic achievement and vulnerable to subjective distress, there is need for evaluate their strategies for enhancing self-esteem when they failed academically. This study was to develop the scale for enhancing self-esteem and to confirm the convergent, discriminant and criteria validity. METHODS: Data were collected from 279 students at a medical school in Seoul. The scale of strategies for enhancing self-esteem (SSES) comprised comparison with inferior, doubting academic failure, accepting failure, and attribution to incidental factors. Also, to confirm the validities, participants responded to items measuring self-esteem, narcissism, 5 personality factors, depression and adjustment. RESULTS: By explanatory factor analysis of SSES, composed of three factors-comparison, doubting, and acceptance-and in the confirmatory factor analysis, 3 dimensions were best fit. Notably, comparison and doubting strategies were positively associated with depression and negatively associated with adjustment. In contrast, acceptance strategies were negatively associated with depression and positively associated with adjustment. Additionally, comparison and doubting strategies were positively associated with narcissism. CONCLUSION: The SSES of medical school students after academic failure yields 3 dimensions reliably and consistently. Also, it shows satisfactory convergent and concurrent validities.
Achievement ; Depression ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Narcissism ; Schools, Medical ; Self Concept ; Students, Medical

Foreign body aspiration into the airway causes airway obstruction that may be acutely life-threatening or if undected result in severe lung damage. In case of bilateral bronchial obstruction, the impairment of gas exchange is usually severe enough to threaten the patient's life. And the gas exchange will become worsen during bronchoscopy. So, anesthesia and bronchoscopy for removal of the foreign body should be carried out by skilled personel with appropriate equipment, especially in case of bilateral bronchial obstruction. A 16 month old, cyanotic and dyspneic female infant was brought to operating room for removal of bronchial foreign bodies . The anesthesia was induced and maintained with enflurane(1-2%) -oxygen(100%)- vecuronium using Jackson- Rees breathing system which was connecting to the side arm of ventilating brochoscope. Foreign bodies (peanut), which were two pieces of peanut 4X4X6 mm sized from right and 4X8X12 mm sized from left main bronchus, were sucessfully removed.
Airway Obstruction ; Anesthesia* ; Arm ; Bronchi* ; Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy ; Female ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung ; Operating Rooms ; Respiration ; Vecuronium Bromide

BACKGOUND: Bupivacaine, an amide type local anesthetic, is frequently used for regional anesthesia. Bupivacaine overdose induces cardiac toxicity and directly depresses both cardiac electrophysiology and hemodynamic status. Clonidine, an imidazolin alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist, given prophylactically may delay the toxic manifestation of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension. We studied the effect of clonidine pretreatment on bupivacaine induced cardiac toxicity. METHODS: Fourteen rabbits (seven in each group) were anesthetized with ketamine and rompun, and tracheostomy was performed. Spontaneous ventilation with room air was continued throughout the experiment. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, and invasive arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded. Clonidine 5 microgram/kg (clonidine group) or saline (control group) was injected intravenously in randomized fashion. After 15 minutes, an intravenous infusion of bupivacaine was started at 0.3 mg/kg/min. The time of occurrence of the bupivacaine-induced toxic events: first dysrhythmia, 25% and 50% reduction in basal heart rate and mean arterial pressure, and asystole were recorded. At 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after bupivacaine infusion, 2 ml of whole blood were withdrawn via femoral arterial catheter for determination of bupivacaine concentration. RESULTS: The threshold time at the first dysrhythmia was significantly greater in the clonidine group (27.2+/-4.5 min) than control group (19.9+/-1.2 min). The threshold times at the 25 and 50% reduction in basal heart rate were significantly greater in the clonidine group (23.7+/-5.8 min, 33.2+/-5.1 min) than control group (16.6+/-2.9 min, 22.9+/-2.8 min) and in basal mean arterial pressure were significantly greater in the clonidine group (15.6+/-2.6 min, 25.3+/-3.7 min) than control group (9.7+/-2.7 min, 16.3+/-5.8 min). The threshold time at the asystole was significantly greater in the clonidine group (38.2+/-7.7 min) than control group (28.7+/-3.4 min). At 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after bupivacaine infusion, there was no significant difference in the plasma bupivacaine concentration between two groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that clonidine pretreatment delays the cardiac toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose. And plasma bupivacaine concentration was not influenced by clonidine pretreatment.
Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthetics ; Arterial Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Cardiac Electrophysiology ; Catheters ; Clonidine* ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Hypotension ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Ketamine ; Pharmacology ; Plasma ; Rabbits ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Tracheostomy ; Ventilation ; Xylazine

Objectives: We have been providing psychotherapy training for medical students enrolled in the course of ‘Clinical Practice.’ The aim of this study is to introduce the psychotherapy education developed in this process, conceptualize objective education methods, and check the impact of educational applications of psychotherapy for medical students. Methods: Psychotherapy was applied to the medical students during their clerkship in psychiatry. 221 medical students participated in this program from 2017–2019, which consisted of 2–3 people in a group. One was in charge of clients, and the other was an observer. Their clerkship was based on psychodynamic psychotherapy, especially Taopsychotherapy. Before and after the practice, participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire about ego identity, self-concealment, and professional help-seeking attitudes. Statistical analysis using a two-way repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted. Results: Participants learned of the nuclear feelings associated with the current problem and were surprised to find a connection with past experiences, but accepted the connection. Selfidentity decreased in the client role students (p=0.001), and professional help-seeking attitude increased in both client and observer role students (p=0.001). Conclusion In the general course of psychotherapy, patients are reminded of their first interpersonal relationships, like parents, and in the beginning, they only think of positive aspects under repressed emotions. However, they gradually recalled negative emotions. The above practical course featured this same pattern. As they recognized negative emotions that were repressed, self-identity decreased in client role students.