OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency and clinical characteristics of premenstrual syndrome(PMS)/premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) in high school students, and determine the correlates of PMS/PMDD in association with comorbid depression and anxiety. METHODS: A total of 1688 students were recruited from 5 high schools in Seoul, Korea. Subjects completed the questionnaire composed of scales to measure premenstrual symptoms, depression, and anxiety, as well as sociodemographic and reproductive variables. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups by using the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool(PSST) to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of PMS/PMDD. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlates of PMS/PMDD. RESULTS: The frequency of moderate to severe PMS and PMDD was 20.1% and 6.4%, respectively. Irritability (78.8%), fatigue(76.4%), and emotional sensitivity(69.8%) were common premenstrual symptoms, and functional impairment in academic performance(67.1%) was dominant. Dysmenorrhea[odd ratio(OR)=3.68, 95% confidence interval(CI) 2.45-5.55], family history of PMS(OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.35-2.71), and use of oral contraceptive (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.16-2.94) were associated with the increased risk of PMS/PMDD after adjustment for depression and anxiety. Negative attitude to menses(OR=15.60, 95% CI 3.61-67.42) was associated with the increased risk of PMS/PMDD, particularly in subjects without depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: PMS was common, as the frequency of PMS more than moderate severity including PMDD exceeded 25%, and disrupted daily functioning in adolescents. PMS is associated with various sociodemographic and menstrual characteristics, and these associations are affected by comorbid depression and anxiety.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

The infantile polycystic kidney disease is rare fetal urinary tract anomaly. It is inherited with an autosomal recessive pattern and recurrence rate is 25%. The gene locus is on chromosome 6p. The pathogenesis of infantile polycystic kidney is the primary defect of the collecting ducts. The ultrasonographic finding of infantile polycystic kidney is oligohydramnios, bilaterally symmetrical enlarged kidneys with maintenance of their reinform shape. The differential diagnosis with adult polycystic kidney disease is important. The massive enlargement of the kidneys is rarely seen in adult polycystic kidney disease and the examination of the parents and other members of the family is helpful to confirm the adult polycystic kidney disease. If there is severe renal involvements, stillbirth or neonatal death secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia would be developed. If it were diagnosed before viability, termination of pregnancy is recommended. In a fetus at risk, diagnosed after viability, pregnancy termination is also recommended since this condition is uniformly fatal. We present a case of infantile polycystic kidney.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Kidney ; Oligohydramnios ; Parents ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases* ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant ; Pregnancy ; Recurrence ; Stillbirth ; Urinary Tract

No abstract available.
Child* ; Hematuria* ; Humans

Rett syndrome is progressive neurodegenerative disorder in female patients, characterized by autistic behavior, mental retardation, loss of purposeful hand skills, stereotypic hand movement, breathing dysfunction, severely impaired language, ataxia, and seizure. The diagnosis of Rett syndrome is based on its characteristic clinical manifestation and course. The electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of Rett syndrome are nonspecific, but a progressive deterioration in the EEG, characterized by a slowing of background activity and spike sharp wave discharges, may be observed. We experienced one case of Rett syndrome in a 5 year old girl having mental retardation, loss of purposeful hand skills, stereotypic hand movements (clapping, washing, hand-to-mouth), breathing dysfunction (hyperventilation/apnea). Her EEG findings on Video-EEG monitoring are excessive slowing waves during awake state and frequent spike discharges from left or centrotemporal area during sleeping. We report a case of Rett syndrome with brief review of related literatures.
Ataxia ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Respiration ; Rett Syndrome* ; Seizures

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Dementia* ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Humans ; Prevalence*

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Dementia* ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Humans ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of aortic arch obstruction can be made with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in most cases.However,not infrequently,clear imaging of the aortic arch can not be obtained,particularly in sick neonates and young infants from a number of reasons and heart catheterization and angiography carries significant risk in sick babies.Therefore it is the purpose of this study to assess the feasibility and safety of counter-current aortography through a peripheral artery in young infants and neotates with suspected aortic arch obstruction. METHOD: We studied 56 patients with suspected aortic arch anomaly at Asian Medical Center from Feburary 1990 to April 1997.First choice for the peripheral artery was radial artery on the same side as the aortic arch,followed by brachial artery and axillary artery.Small 24 gauge plastic cannula was inserted and special attention was given to ensure that the peripheral artery,plastic cannula,and a syringe containing contrast material are all in the same plane.1ml/kg of contrast material was injected by rapid hand injection and biplane cineangiograms were taken at 60 frame/second. RESULTS: Fifty six patients underwent 58 angiograms.Age ranged from 5-255 days(median 30 days) and body weight nanged from 2.1-5.4kg(mean3.4kg).There were 27 males and 29 females.Arteries used were:Radial artery in 37,brachal artery in 19,and axillary artery in 2 cases.Peripheral arteries were ipsilateral side as the aortic arch in 54,contralateral side in 2 and bilateral in 2 cases.In 8 patients heart catheterization was done because of inadequate visualization of aortic arch anatomy and/or need for evaluating other defects.In 48 patients who had periperal angiography only,fluoroscopic time ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 minutes and total procedure time ranged from 10 to 15 minutes.Among these 48 patients,only 11 patients(23%) were given intraveous sedation and 37 patients(77%) did not recieve any sedation.Diagnosis of aortic arch anomaly was aortic coarctation in 38,aortic interruption in 10 and nomal aortic arch in 8 patients.Aortic arch anatomy was well demonstrated in all cases where injected artery was on the same side as the aortic arch.In patients who had angiograms through peripheral arteries contralateral to the side of the aortic arch did not haveadequate visualization of the arch.Compression of the carotid artery did not enhance the imaging of the arch.Simultanous bilateral angiography did not improve the imaging quality as compared to ipsilateral artery angiography.Transient complication,related to cannulation,e.g.,prolonged bleeding was seen in only one patient with aortic interruption.Circulation on the upper extremities was normal after angiography in all patients. CONCLUSION: Counter-current aortography using 24 gauge plastic cannular through peripheral artery is feasible,rapid,safe,economic and relatevely non-invasive procedure and provides adquate imaging of aortic arch obstruction in infants and neonates without risk of heart catheterization and angiography.We,therefore,recommend this procedure in selected patients in whom echocardiographic imaging alone is not conclusive for planning corrective sursery.
Angiography ; Aorta, Thoracic* ; Aortic Coarctation ; Aortography* ; Arteries* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Axillary Artery ; Body Weight ; Brachial Artery ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Carotid Arteries ; Catheters ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Hand ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Male ; Plastics ; Radial Artery ; Syringes ; Upper Extremity

BACKGROUND: Chaotic atrial rhythm (CAR) is characterized by the presence of three or more P-wave morphologic features on the surface electrogram, absence of a dominant atrial pacemaker, and variable P-P, R-R, and P-R intervals with an atrial rate of over 100 beats/min. CAR is infrequently seen in pediatric ages and its clinical course, management and underlying mechanism are uncertain. We report our recent experience with 11 infants with CAR and describe their clinical characteristics and reponse to treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reveiwed the medical records, electrocardiograms, Holter recordings, echocrdiographic reports of 11 cases of CAR managed at Sejong general hospital and Asan medical center from January 1991 to June 1995. RESULTS: 1) All patients were < or =6 months old and 5 of 11 patients had symptoms at neonatal period. The duration of follow-up was 3-42 months(mean : 18 months). 2 patients had structural heart disease and 3 patients showed signs of ventricular dysfunction. In 10 of 11 patients tachycardia was sustained or recurrent. 1 patient died of severe congestive heart failure due to incessant rapid tachycardia. 2) 3 of 10 patients took digoxin only and others took more than 2 medications. Full control within 1 month after medication was in 2 patients, with digoxin only in one and digoxin and amiodarone in another patient. At discharge, state of arrhythmia control in 8 patients with medications were full control in 2, good control in 3, and partial control in 3. At last follow-up, full control in 5, good control in 1 were confirmed through Holter recordings and the other 4 patients showed sinus rhythm in surface electrocardiograms. The total duration of medications were < or =1 year except 1 patient. 3) In 3 patients with ventricular dysfunction, ventricular function was normalized after restoration of sinus rhythm. CONCLUSION: CAR in children usually occurs in the first month of life and genenally takes benign course, but sometimes it causes severe congestive heart failure or ventricular dysfunction. Frequently, the patients remain asymptomatic despite persistence of the tachycardia for weeks or months. CAR is difficult to convert to sinus rhythm with medications but tends to resolve spontaneously within 1 year. We think treatment is necessary only in the symptomatic patients with rapid ventricular response and it is enough to control the ventricular rate with antiarrhythmic agents.
Amiodarone ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Child ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Digoxin ; Electrocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Infant ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia ; Ventricular Dysfunction ; Ventricular Function

Digora(R)-an intraoral digital radiography system utilizing image plate(IP) - has a dynamic range of expo sure time which allows it to decrease the patient's exposure time and to increase diagnostic ability through imge proces sing, transmission and storage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Digora(R) system by assessing the effects of various exposure times on the detectability on the tip of the endodontic file. Examining the root canals of 45 extracted sound premolars, K-files No. 10, 15, and 20 were placed at slightly varying distances from the apex. The teeth were glued onto resin-pla ster blocks. Five exposure times varying between 0.01 seconds and 0.25 seconds were used. Four observers were asked to m easure the distance between the tip of the file and a reduction of crown portion, and obtained mean errors (subtracting true file length from the measured file length), comparing Digora(R) monitors with E-plus films, which were bot h obtained under the same geometrical positions. The results were as follows : 1. Comparing E-plus film with Digora(R) at 0.01 seconds, the mean errors in E-plus film showed -4.453mm, -4.49 7mm, and -3.857mm, while the mean errors in Digora(R) showed 0.065mm, 0.607mm, and 0.719mm according to the fil e groups. Therefore there was a significant difference between E-plus film and Digora(R)(P<0.05). 2. By comparison of mean errors according to the various exposure times in the Digora(R) system, the mean error at standard deviation was the highest at 0.01 seconds was significantly lower than that at 0.12 and 0.25 seconds in No . 10 and 20 file group(P<0.05). and the standard deviation was the highest at 0.01 seconds. 3. Comparing E-plus film at 0.25 seconds with the Digora(R) system, the mean errors showed a significant diffe rence between E-plus at 0.25 seconds and the Digora(R) system at 0.25 seconds in No. 10 and 20 file groups (P <0.05). 4. Comparing E-plus film at 0.25 seconds with other exposure times, the mean errors showed a significant difference between E-plus film at 0.25 seconds and E-plus film at 0.01 and 0.03 seconds in 10 file group(p<0.05). In the NO. 15 and 20 file groups, there was a significant difference between E-plus film at 0.25 seconds and E-plus film at 0.01 seconds(p<0.05). In conclusion, Digora(R) was better than E-plus film in detectability on the tip of the file at the exposure time of 0.01 seconds in all file groups. And we concluded that Digora(R) can shorten exposure times up to 4% of 0.25 seconds (0.01 sec), which is adequate exposure time for premolar in E-plus film using No. 15 and 20 files.
Bicuspid ; Crowns ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Tooth

OBJECTIVE: The clinical value of preoperative serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC) in relation to clinical stage, tumor volume, disease extent and prognosis has already reported in many papers. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between preoperative SCC level and pelvic lymph node metastasis. Matrials and METHODS: From March 1995 to December 1998, 157 patients who examined pretreatment SCC levels before undergoing radical hysterectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix were included. The effect of pelvic lymph node status on the SCC level was examined by comparing 125 cases with cancer limited uterus or upper vagina and 32 cases with cancer confined to the uterus (including upper vagina) and pelvic lymph node using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 90% of patients without pelvic lymph node metastasis showed SCC levels of 2.9ng/ml or below. 60.7% of patients with serum SCC level more than 2.9ng/ml exhibited pelvic lymph node metastasis. The marker values exceeding 2.9ng/ml increased risk of nodal metastasis 5 times compared with serum level 2.9ng/ml or below. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the pelvic lymph node metastasis had a large impact on the marker level than did tumor size or depth of stromal infilteration. CONCLUSION: SCC levels greater than 2.9ng/ml can be considered a high risk zone for nodal metastasis
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Prognosis ; Tumor Burden ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms* ; Uterus ; Vagina