There are a number of approaches in developing experimental models for depression. but there is no such thing as a best model for depressive syndrome. Animal models are subject to the obvious limitations inherent in the assumption that human psychopathology can be represented accurately in lower animals. Recently, the concern increasingly is to develop a variety of experimental paradigms in animal to study selected aspects of human psychopathology, and animal models should be understood as basically experimental preparations that are developed to carry out these objects. Therefore, a battery of a variety of animal models should be applied to permit detailed pathophysiological studies and to develop new antidepressant treatments. Animal models of depression basically consider behavioral isomorphism with the human depression a plus, but not a requirement, and the model behavior should be defined operationally in order to be reproduced reliably by other researchers and be responsive to those agents possessing demonstrated clinical efficacy in human depression. In conclusion, animal models of depression have played a significant role in elucidating pathophysiology of depression and developing current treatments for depression, but there is no single comprehensive model for depression until now. Each of the proposed animal model has its advantages and limitations. In other words, certain paradigms are suitable for studying certain phenomena, whereas others are more suitable for studying other aspects. The best model for depression depends upon what the question is.
Animals ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical* ; Psychopathology

No abstract available.
Economic Recession*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
China* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Communicable Diseases*

A clinical observation was made on patients of bladder rupture who were admitted to the Department of Urology, Chonnam University Medical School during the period from January, 1978 to June, 1982. The results are as followings: 1. Of 128 cases of genitourinary injury, there were bladder rupture in 32 cases, giving a rate of 24.2%. 2. The age group from third to fifth decade was the most favorable in age incidence, showing 59.4% of the total patients. 3. Traffic accident was the most frequent cause of the injury, observed in 9 cases (28.1% of all patients). Alcohol drinking was suggested to be related to the injury in 7 cases (21.9% of all patients). 4. Occurrence of intraperitoneal ruptures was three times more then that of extraperitoneal ruptures. 5. Retrograde cystography was the most useful and reliable method for diagnosis of bladder rupture, but there were falsely negative cystograms in two cases. 6. There were two cases with simultaneous bladder rupture and disruption of the posterior urethra, in which cases making diagnosis as bladder rupture was difficult without exploration. 7. Immediate vesical repair and indwelling urethral catheter, with or without suprapubic cystostomy, were performed in almost all patients, except two cases who were only managed with indwelling urethral catheter. 8. While we had four cases of intraperitoneal rupture with complication we couldn't find any complications in cases of extraperitoneal rupture.
Accidents, Traffic ; Alcohol Drinking ; Cystostomy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Rupture* ; Schools, Medical ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Catheters ; Urology

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The author have performed and epidemiological study on the accidental deaths at industry from 1970 to 1975, in order to seek for the preventive measures of industrial accident with the understanding of its cause and characteristics of the accident deaths. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Total number of deaths for 6 years were 361 (350 males, 11 females) and the mean death rate was 33.8 per 100,000 industrial workers during 6 years. by the highest as 52.9 was in 1974 and the lowest as 13.7 in 1970. By the industry group., the death rate of Electricity, Gas and Water was 149.3, Construction 83.9 and the lowest was Manufacturing as 18.3. 2. Standardized mortality rate of the cases by the age group showed that 20-29 years old group was 43.0, 40-49 years old group 38.1, 30-39 years old group 32.0, and the lowest as 17.9 was under 19 years old group. 3. The cumulative percentage of the cases by years of service showed that under 6 months was 60.4%, under 1 year 72.9%, under 2 years 83.1%. 4. By the month of occurrence, the highest was 15.8% which occurred in August and the lowest was 5.8% in February. The highest as 19.1% was on Friday and the lowest as 11.9% on Monday by the day of a week. 5. By the causes of accident, car accidents was 28.3%, fall accidents 19.1%, accidents by a crash 9.1% in that order. By the location of injury, head was 44.6%, multiple injuries 33.0%, chest 10.5%, and back was the lowest as 1.9% was on Friday and the lowest as 11.9%. The distribution of the cases by nature of injury showed that cerebral contusion and hemorrhage was 39.4%, fracture and dislocation 33.2%, asphyxia 8.0% in that order. 6. The cumulative percentage of the cases by the duration from injury to death showed that the injuried day was 74.2%, within 3 days after injury 88.5%, within 7 days 96.1%. Therefore most of the cases were occurred within 7 days after injury. 7. By the daily mean wages, most of the cases as 91.7% were under 2,000won, and more 4,000won was 1.6% merely.
Accidents, Occupational ; Asphyxia ; Busan* ; Contusions ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Dislocations ; Electricity ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Mortality* ; Multiple Trauma ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Thorax ; Young Adult

No abstract available.