OBJECTIVES: The definition of a hidden youth is a young person who has completely withdrawn from society and shut himself or herself away for more than 3 months. Those pathologically-withdrawn youths have become a burden not only to society but also to the family. However, screening of these hidden youths cannot be done easily. This study focused on developing a primary effective screening tool for these hidden youths. METHODS: The 42 participants of this study were parents of hidden youths that are between 8 to 25 years old. They were selected from from mental health centers and psychiatric clinics around Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. We also recruited 239 parents of middle and high school students in the Seoul metropolitan area for a control group. In order to decide the concurrent validity of this questionnaire, we used the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision, Children's Depression Inventory, Beck Depression Inven-tory, Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, Social Anxiety and Distress Scale, Avoidant Personality Disorder Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. SPSS version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability coefficient to represent internal consistency, were between 0.396 and 0.935, which showed relatively high internal consistency for this questionnaire. The test-retest coefficient was between 0.68 and 0.78, which was a statistically significant result. In a factor analysis, 4 factors such as avoidance, withdrawal, isolation, and apathy were extracted. In a concurrent validity test with SCL-90-R, the isolation factor showed a statistically-significant relationship with a phobic-anxiety sub-scale, and avoidance and withdrawal sub-scales were remarkably correlated with the interpersonal sensitivity sub-scale. CONCLUSION: Since the questionnaire for socially withdrawn youths has achieved statistically-satisfactory reliability and validity, it will be a useful method to screen for hidden youths in educational, community, and clinical settings.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Apathy ; Child ; Depression ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Parents ; Personality Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The definition of a hidden youth is a young person who has completely withdrawn from society and shut himself or herself away for more than 3 months. Those pathologically-withdrawn youths have become a burden not only to society but also to the family. However, screening of these hidden youths cannot be done easily. This study focused on developing a primary effective screening tool for these hidden youths. METHODS: The 42 participants of this study were parents of hidden youths that are between 8 to 25 years old. They were selected from from mental health centers and psychiatric clinics around Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. We also recruited 239 parents of middle and high school students in the Seoul metropolitan area for a control group. In order to decide the concurrent validity of this questionnaire, we used the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision, Children's Depression Inventory, Beck Depression Inven-tory, Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, Social Anxiety and Distress Scale, Avoidant Personality Disorder Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. SPSS version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability coefficient to represent internal consistency, were between 0.396 and 0.935, which showed relatively high internal consistency for this questionnaire. The test-retest coefficient was between 0.68 and 0.78, which was a statistically significant result. In a factor analysis, 4 factors such as avoidance, withdrawal, isolation, and apathy were extracted. In a concurrent validity test with SCL-90-R, the isolation factor showed a statistically-significant relationship with a phobic-anxiety sub-scale, and avoidance and withdrawal sub-scales were remarkably correlated with the interpersonal sensitivity sub-scale. CONCLUSION: Since the questionnaire for socially withdrawn youths has achieved statistically-satisfactory reliability and validity, it will be a useful method to screen for hidden youths in educational, community, and clinical settings.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Apathy ; Child ; Depression ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Parents ; Personality Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The present study was attempted to obtain the regional differences of development of the parvalbumin- and calbindin-ir neurons in the maturing rat hippocampus. Sprague-Dawley rats at 3, 7 days, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 weeks of age were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde fixative. The hippocampus was cut into 30 or 40(m sections with a cryostat. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for the parvalbumin and the calbindin using ABC method. The parvalbumin-ir neurons and their axon plexuses achieved the adult patterns as following sequences;CA2 and CA3 at ghe second postnatal week, CA1 at the third week, and dentate granule cell layer by fifth postnatal week. In addition, the calbindin-ir neurons showed the adult patterns by second postnatal week in CA2, CA3, mossy fibers, and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the CA1 at the third week, and finally the dentate granular cell layer by fifth week. These results revealed that time course of the maturation of the parvalbumin- and calbindin-ir neurons in the rat hippocampus showed an area-specificity. The delayed maturation of CA1 and the latest maturation of the dentage granular cell layer suggested that the neurons in these locations seemed to exhibit differential responses to the conditions of increased intracellular calcium, when compared with other areas or with the adult hippocampus.
Adult ; Animals ; Axons ; Calbindins ; Calcium ; Calcium-Binding Proteins* ; Dentate Gyrus ; Hippocampus* ; Humans ; Neurons* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The authors reviewed the radiographs and medical records of 134 consecutive patients who underwent chemonucleolysis and automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy(APLD) between March 1990 and December 1994 at our institute. Among the 34 consecutive patients, 90 patients underwent chemonucleolysis and the other remaining patients underwent APLD using a nucleotome. The results are summarized as follows: 1) In both groups, predominent patients were of young age and males. 2) The most common lesion was in L4-5 interspace in both groups 3) The posteior lateral type showed high incidence in APLD group. 4) The results were better in the younger age group and when spinal CT demonstrated posterior lateral type in both groups. 5) The results showed relatively good success rate of 84.4% in chemonucleolysis group and 88.6% in APLD group. 6) Better results can be anticipated when patients are carefully selected and operated on with a higher skillful technique.
Diskectomy* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis ; Male ; Medical Records ; Spine*

The authors encountered two cases of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. One, a three-year-old male, had persistent epiphora and showed exophthalmos of the left eye. A mass was detected in the left orbit and was removed subtotally; pathologic examination revealed Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The other case, a 24-year-old male, presented with a gradually growing palpable mass in the parietal area; the skull defect was punched out in shape. The mass, which was tightly attached to the outer layer of the dura mater, was completely removed. On the basis of pathologic findings, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis was diagnosed, and the patient subsequently underwent radiotherapy.
Dura Mater ; Exophthalmos ; Histiocytosis* ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Male ; Orbit ; Rabeprazole ; Radiotherapy ; Skull ; Young Adult

We have analysed 111 cases of subdural hygroma that were development after various neurosurgical conditions including head injuries. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The peak incidence was the age of 50's and occured most frequently in male. 2) Causes were head injuries(91 cases), traumatic intracranial hematoma removal(10 cases), operation for intracranial aneurysms(4 cases), hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation(2 cases), ventriculoperitoneal shunt(2 cases), brian tumor removal(1 cases), arachnoid cyst excision(1 cases), and cerebral infarction(1 cases). 3) Acute subdural hematoma was most often associated with complex subdural hygrom. 4) Clinical manifestations were headache, altered mental state, disorientation, nausea in order. 5) Operation were underwent in 27 cases and surgical complications were reaccumulation and pneumocephalus in order. 6) Mortality rate was 6.3%. 7) The prognois of the simple hygroma was very good, but the complex was not.
Arachnoid ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Head ; Headache ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive ; Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic ; Lymphangioma, Cystic ; Male ; Mortality ; Nausea ; Pneumocephalus ; Subdural Effusion*

Recently we experienced a soft tissue sarcoma originated in the spinal epidural space at upper sacral area and extending into intrapelvic area in a young male patient. It was diagnosed primary Ewing's sarcoma histologically. Ewing's sarcoma is usually found in long bones. But rarely discovered in an extraosseous area. So, spinal epidural Ewing's sarcoma is rare to be found. Only 6 cases were reported in the English literature until 1986. We present the case with review of literatures.
Epidural Space ; Humans ; Male ; Sarcoma ; Sarcoma, Ewing*

The authors have experienced a case of an arachnoid cyst within the cervical canal. The patient suffered from right upper extremity pain and numbness for 1 month. On cervical MRI, intradural extramedullary mass was detected. A total laminectomy of C5, C6 and C7 was performed. We could diagnose by radiological and pathological findings.
Arachnoid* ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Laminectomy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Spinal Canal* ; Upper Extremity

The authors have experienced a case of an arachnoid cyst within the cervical canal. The patient suffered from right upper extremity pain and numbness for 1 month. On cervical MRI, intradural extramedullary mass was detected. A total laminectomy of C5, C6 and C7 was performed. We could diagnose by radiological and pathological findings.
Arachnoid* ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Laminectomy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Spinal Canal* ; Upper Extremity

The authors encountered a case of gliosarcoma with hemorrhage arising in the left frontotemporal lobe of a 34-year old woman who five months previously had undergone surgery for an ICH in the same lobe. On CT brain scan, we could a slight hyperdense tumor with irregular enhancement could be detected, and perilesional edema and obvious mass effect were also noted. The tumor was firm and surgically,its margine was somewhat poor. On pathologic and histochemical study, the presence of a gliosarcoma was confirmed.
Adult ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Edema ; Female ; Gliosarcoma* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans