To estimate the prevalence and trend of obesity in primary school-age children, obesity survey was performend in children aged 6 to 12 years(5,226 boys and 5,048 girls)in Kwangju in 1991. Obesity was defined as overweight if more than 20 per cent above the median weight for height and age(relative weight>120%). The following results were obtained: 1) The prevalence of obesity that exceeded the weight centiles at each height by more than 97th percentile was 8.78. Boys (9.70%)was not significantly higher than in girls(7.82%)(p>0.05). 2) The prevalence of obesity that exceeded the standard weight for height by more than 20% was 8.82%. Among them, 5.45% were mild obesity and 2.93% were moderate obesity and 0.44% were severe obesity. The prevalence rate of obesity was no significant differences by sex(p>0.05). 3) Regionally, the prevalence of obesity was a lower rate in Kwangiu in 1991 (8.82%)than that in Seoul in 1989(11.68%).
Child* ; Gwangju* ; Humans ; Obesity* ; Obesity, Morbid ; Overweight ; Prevalence* ; Seoul

Additional two cases of Klinefelter's syndrome with a literatural review was presented Two cases were revealed characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome such as small testes, hyalinization of seminiferous tubules, azoospermia, increased FSH, normal 17-ketogteroid and positive sex chromatin. One case was associated with left inguinal crytorchidism.
Azoospermia ; Hyalin ; Klinefelter Syndrome* ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sex Chromatin ; Testis

No abstract available.
Humans ; Urinary Tract*

The authors performed experimental study to produce proliferative vitreoretinopathy by intravitreal injection of homologous fibroblasts in pigmented rabbits. Twenty four eyes of 12 rabbits were divided into control and experimental groups. In experimental group, the eyes were pretreated with expanding gas, perfluoropropane for the vitrectomy. In control group, no such procedure was preceded. In both groups, 5.0×10⁴, 1.0×10⁵ and 1.5×10⁵ cells of homologous fibroblasts were injected into the vitreous cavity. All the eyes were observed regularly with indirect ophthalmoscope followed by fundus photography. Those eyes were enucleated in 1, 2, 4 weeks for the light and electron microscopic studies. The development and severity of the proliferative vitreoretinopathy were correlated with the numbers of the injected fibroblast. This was more pronounced in the experimental group.
Fibroblasts ; Intravitreal Injections ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Photography ; Rabbits ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative*

OBJECTIVE:To compare pregnancy outcomes between obese and nonobese women and to determine the effect of gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcome in obese women. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing 100 obese and 300 nonobese women who delivered a singleton live birth at Yeungnam university hospital from June 1998 to Dec 1998. Morbid obesity was defined as a body mass index greater than 30. The incidence of selected perinatal and neonatal outcome was assessed for two groups. RESULTS: Morbidly obese patients were more likly to experience pregnancy complications including gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental abruption, fetal distress, meconium aspiration, cesarean delivery & birth trauma. However, these were not affected by gestational weight gain in morbidly obese women. Weight gains more than 12kg were strongly associated with birth of a large for gestational age(LGA) neonate, however, poor weight gain did not appear to incrcase the risk of delivery of a low birth weight neonate. CONCLUSION: To optimize fetal growth, weight gain of 7-12kg for obese women appear to be appropriate. To reduce the risk of delivery of an LGA neonate, the optimal gestational weight gain for obese women should not exceed 12kg.
Abruptio Placentae ; Body Mass Index ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes, Gestational ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Fetal Distress ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Live Birth ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Obesity* ; Obesity, Morbid ; Parturition ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Weight Gain

No abstract available.
Mucin-1* ; Poroma*

Amputation is an unpleasant affair, generating a very negative aura that must be consciously combated. For optimal care of amputation, the surgeon needs not only to be comprehensive trained in reconstructive surgery but also to be knowledgeable about prosthetics. The evolution of an artificial arm can be traced first from the cosmetic prosthesis, then to that with passive movements, and lastly to an artificial limb with active movement which made it possible to restore to some degree the lost function of the amputation limb. But the gap between basic requirement of function and cosmesis is still present in conventional prosthesis. Myoelectric prosthesis was introduced for upper extremity amputees since 1960 by Korbinski and his co-workers and was most exciting improvement in the field of prosthetics. Two patients of bilateral above-elbow and bilateral below-knee amputees with myoelectric prostheses and conventional prostheses were compared in their function, cosmesis and acceptability of patient. Myoelectric prosthesis shows not only favorable cosmesis but also excellent function in range of motion and coordination of mechanical joints. And myoelectric prosthesis provides superior pinch force and requires less energy expenditure than a body-powered conventional prosthesis. So, in spite of the high cost of the appliance and of continued maintenance and repair, improvement in comfort, cosmesis and function have had to good level of acceptance of patients. Further research will undoubtedly improve the appearance, function and durability of the present electrically powered myoelectric prosthesis, making them even more acceptable and useful to lower limb and upper limb amputees.
Amputation ; Amputees ; Artificial Limbs ; Energy Metabolism ; Epilepsy ; Extremities ; Humans ; Joints ; Lower Extremity ; Prostheses and Implants ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Upper Extremity

The early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery form childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attainment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus-response accomplished by learning. Helping for maternal role attainment is one of nursing goals in the early postpartum period. Based on King's conceptual framework for nursing, this study was planned as descriptive correlation study to determine the significant differences of the degree of nursery room nurses' role performance according to several variables of personal, interpersonal, and working system of nurses in nursery room, The purpose of this study was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to help maternal role attainment of the early postpartum period of mothers and to the development of relevant nursing theory, The data were collected from R3b. 3 to 28 by questionnaires with 273 nurses in nursery room. The instruments for this study were consisted of four parts: 21 questions for roll performance of nurse ; 37 questions for personal system of nurse including 31 questions for role perception of nurse ; 65 questions for interpersonal system including 63 questions for job stress of nurse ; 18 questions for working system of nurse. The toes to measure role performance and role perception, and job stress of nurse were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.9612, 0.9058, and 0.9649. The data were analysed by using in S.A.S. computerized program and included percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Duncan multiple range test. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows : 1. The mean score of the items of role performance was 2.12(SD=0.55) in Likert's 4 points scale. 2. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to role perception(p=0.0001), age(p=0.006), educational background(p=0.002), and certificate of midwife(p=0.03) among variables of personal system of subjects. 3. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to job stress(p=0.0001) and numbers of children(p=0.006) among variables of interpersonal system of subjects. 4. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to having opportunities for baby(p=0.03), the degree of flexibility to bring baby to mother's room(p=0.046), the scope of visitor for baby(p=0.016), the degree of flexibility of visiting for baby(p=0.049), the degree of participation of nurse in establishing visiting rules(p=0.017), existence and/or nonexistence of rules for breast feeding(p=0.010), existence and/or nonexistence of education for breast feeding(p=0.009), existence and/or nonexistence of breast feeding room(p=0.013), concret methods for breast feeding(p=0.003), working place(p=0.0001), and career(p=0.019) among variables of personal system of subjects.
Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Education ; Humans ; Learning ; Mothers* ; Nurseries* ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Theory ; Parturition ; Pliability ; Postpartum Period* ; Statistics as Topic ; Toes ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Body Weight* ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn

No abstract available.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli* ; Enterotoxins*