It is suggested that calbindin buffers the concentration of intracellular calcium as the calcium binding protein in the cell. In the neurodegerative disease such as Parkinsonian disease, Huntington 'disease, Alzheimer 'disease there is some change of calbindin. The calcium mediated neurotoxicity begins due to the decrease of calbindin gene in those disease. In this study the substantia nigra of the normal rat is immunostained with anti -calbindin antibody, the morphological characteristics and distribution of calbindin positive neurons are studied to confirm the suggestive neuroprotective role of calbindin in the Parkinsonian disease. In the substantia nigra tissues of rats, calbindin was immunostained in the cell body and cellular processes of the polygonal or ovoid neurons. The calbindin immumostained neurons were distributed mainly in the substantia nigra lateralis than substantia nigra compacta and have even distribution from cephalic section to caudal section. The degree of calbindin -immunostaining was similar from medial area to lateral area, from ventral area to dorsal area in the one section of substantia nigra. These results support the potentiative neuroprotective role of calbindin in the Parkinsonian disease.
Animals ; Buffers ; Calbindins* ; Calcium ; Carrier Proteins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons* ; Rats* ; Substantia Nigra*

No abstract available.
Knee* ; Ligaments*

Cerebellar Purkinje cells are selectively vulnerable to ischemia, although the reasons for this are not known. Moreover, an intracellular Ca 2 +/-overload induced by excitotoxicity (toxic glutamate receptor activation) is considered to be a key mediator of central neuronal loss consequent to ischemic damage. Calbindin -D28k is an intracellular calcium binding protein that is expressed in nearly all Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum. Its major role is presumed to be associated with intracellular Ca 2 +/-buffering. In the present work, In -Situ Hybridization and Western blot methods were used to investigate the changes of calbindin -D28k and its gene expression levels in the rat cerebellum at various times after transient global ischemia. Both level of calbindin -D28k and its mRNA expression level in the cerebellum decreased after ischemic insult, whereas the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells was unaltered after ischemia. In the light of our finding of lower levels of calbindin -D28k and its mRNA in the cerebellum, altered intracellular calcium buffering capacity in the cerebellar Purkinje cell might be presumed. It is believed that this may lead to calcium - mediated cytotoxic events after ischemic insults in cerebellum.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Calbindins* ; Calcium ; Carrier Proteins ; Cerebellum ; Gene Expression ; Ischemia ; Neurons ; Purkinje Cells* ; Rats* ; Receptors, Glutamate ; RNA, Messenger

Fractures of the capitellum humeri are rare and the recommendations for treatment vary. It can involve a significant portion of the articular surface, rendering the elbow joint unstable. In this situation, it is desirable to reduce and internally fix the capitellar fragment, because this restores the articular surface and augments joint stability. We experienced two cases of capitellar fractures which one case was spontaneously anatomical reduced and the other case was treated by open reduction. In one case the capitellar fragment was spontaneous reduced to a stable position although it was noticed radiographically as an unstable displaced fracture preoperatively. The other case was treated by open reduction and internal fixation with 3.5mm, small, AO, cannulated screw and K-wire. Both cases are reported here with references.
Elbow Joint ; Joints

Atypical laryngeal carcinoid is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis, mostly occurring in the supraglottic larynx. It is a subtype of neuroendocrine carcinoma which should be separated from typical carcinoid and small cell carcinoma. The histogenesis and standardized classification of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma have not been clearly defined. In this report, we present two cases of atypical laryngeal carcinoid, one occurring in a 67 year old male and the other in a 54 year old female. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a polypoid supraglottic mass, approximately 3 cm in diameter. Microscopically, each case showed a moderate degree of pleomorphism, tumor necrosis and frequent mitoses. The immunohistochemistry revealed a strong positive reaction for chromogranin, neuron specific enolase and cytokeratin. Each patient had distant metastasis, noted within 4 months after resection (liver and stomach), and died postoperatively at 5 and 20 months, respectively. A brief review of the literature concerning the biological behavior, histogenesis and pathology of atypical laryngeal carcinoid was performed.
Female ; Male ; Humans

No abstract available.
Ligaments* ; Patella* ; Patellar Ligament* ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament*

Apoptosis plays an important role in the morphogenesis and the function establishment of organs during embryonic development. Many reports have suggested apoptosis-related genes were ongenes, tumor suppressor genes, growthregulating factors. Although expression of apoptosis-related genes been mostly studied in the development of the nervous system and the limb formation and the immunological organs, the information of regulating mechanism is not comprehensive. Although apoptosis is important in the development, there was few report about apoptosis-related genes including bcl-2 in the human development. We intended to obtain the basic data in order to understand the role of the apoptosis-suppressing gene, bcl-2, in the apoptosis in the lung development. Immunohistochemistry for bcl-2 was performed using a tissue-array technique, on Korean fetal lung tissues in the 14~40 weeks of the human development. Our results showed that the most of mesenchymal cells surrounding the epithelium of the developing bronchi were stained. Bcl-2 expression was high in early stages of human development in the lung. As differentiation grew, the mesenchymal cells expressing bcl-2 decreased and expression of bcl-2 had the tendency of localizing in a few interstitial mesenchymal cells. We suggested that in the early stage when differentiation didn't occur cell death was suppressed, in the late stage when differentiation was achieving cell death increased to remove the innecessary portions of the organs to protect the specific cells of the organs having functions. For the efficiency of the experiment, a high-throughput technique, a tissue-array method was applied which contributed to save time, money and labor without performance errors. Tissue-array technique will be useful to fasten the developmental studies.
Apoptosis ; Bronchi ; Cell Death ; Embryonic Development ; Epithelium ; Extremities ; Female ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Human Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung* ; Morphogenesis ; Nervous System ; Pregnancy

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions by autoimmune inflammatory mechanism are characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes during the peak symptomatic stage of the disease. Besides it is well known that ROS and nitric oxide (NO), which is come out from activated inflammatory cells, play important role in the pathogenesis of EAE lesions. And vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), which may protect from the deleterious effect by reducing iron (Fe2+) or copper (Cu2+) ions and maintain tissue homeostasis by removing of oxygen free radical, is inevitable to help many enzymatic reactions of cells. Previous report already investigated expression and functional analysis on various vitamin C transporters of vitamin C in many cell types. However, the researches for the vitamin C transporters are mostly performed in the normal state but not disease model yet. Therefore, for the first time, we investigated to know whether the SVCT1, 2 immunoreactivity may be observed in the astrocyte of EAE rat spinal cord. In the comparison of control and peak time group, the number of SVCT1, 2 immunoreactive cell was inclined to increase (P<0.05) as respectively 100+/-29.93, 135+/-34.62 in the control group, and 179+/-54.29, 349+/-73.56 in the peak time group. SVCT2 immunoreactivity was not doubly colocalized with GFAP antibody in the control group. In contrast, the astrocytes of the peak time group showed SVCT2 immunoreactivity in the perivascualr region and the cell number of doubly (SVCT2, GFAP) colocalized was 15+/-5.67 (P<0.05). We are firstly demonstrated that, in the evolving processes of EAE, astrocytes are able to use the vitamin C via the SVCT2. Taken all findings into consideration, the present data on the typical anti-oxidant vitamin C and its transporters, which may play a role in removing ROS, could be considered as a target to the therapeutic strategy of EAE and is also very useful to identify the characterization of vitamin C in the biological organism.
Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Astrocytes ; Cell Count ; Copper ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental* ; Homeostasis ; Ions ; Iron ; Microglia ; Nitric Oxide ; Oxygen ; Rats ; Spinal Cord*

This study was intended to obtain the basic data in order to understand the role of the apoptosis-suppressing gene, bcl-2, in the esophageal development. Immunohistochemistry for bcl-2 was performed using a tissue-array technique, on Korean fetal esophagus tissues in the 14-30 weeks of the human development. The results showed that all basal cells of mucosal epithelium were immunostained for bcl-2. After 20 week, the developing glandular tissues were descended from the mucosal epithelium, and exhibited bcl-2 immunostaining. After 28 week, the developing glandular tissues were immunostained in the submucosa. Ganglion cells of submucosal and myenteric plexus were stained intensely in all stages of the esophageal development. Until 28 week, the smooth muscle cells of the lamina musclularis mucosa and the musclularis externa were stained strongly. After 28 week, the smooth muscle cells expressing bcl-2 decreased. This results may suggest that the immature cells expressed survival factors to overcome the susceptibility to cell death. In the early stage when no differentiation occurs the death of cells is suppressed, in the late stage when differentiation is achieving the death of cells increases to remove the innecessary portions of the organs in order to protect the specific cells of the organs having functions.
Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Epithelium ; Esophagus* ; Ganglion Cysts ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Human Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucous Membrane ; Myenteric Plexus ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle

Apoptosis is a genetically programmed cell death that is required for morphogenesis during embryogenic development and for tissue homeostasis in adult organisms. Although apoptosis is important in the development, expression of apoptosis-related genes has been studied mostly in the cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. We intended to obtain the basic data in order to understand the role of the apoptosis-related genes including bcl-2 in the apoptosis in the human development. Immunohiostochemistry for Bcl-2 was performed using Korean fetal lung, kidney, thymus, placenta, testis, small intestine, pancrease, skin, urinary bladder tissues in the 14~30 weeks of the human development. Our results showed that Bcl-2 appeared in early stages of human development in the lung, kidney, thymus, placenta, small intestine, pancreas. As differentiation grew, expression of Bcl-2 decreased and had the tendency of localizing in the bronchial epitheliums, tubular epitheliums, Bowman's epithelium, lymphocytes, synchytial trophoblasts, intestinal epitheliums, ganglionic cells, ductal epitheliums of pancreas. We suggested that in the early stages when differentiation didn't occur cell death was suppressed, in the late stages when differentiation was achieving cell death increased to remove the innecessary portions of the organs to protect the specific cells of the organs having functions. For the efficiency of the experiment, a high-throughput technique, a tissue-array method was applied which contributed to save time, money and labor without performance errors. Tissue-array technique will be useful to fasten the developmental studies.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans