PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between personality traits and awareness of gender equality. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 688 students in fifth and sixth grades in 3 elementary schools were selected as participants. RESULT: 1. Level of gender equality awareness among the students was 2.82. This is higher than average and was most influenced by awareness of family life, followed by awareness in education, work environment and social-cultural life. 2. Students with higher levels of extraversion-introversion had higher levels of awareness of gender equality in family life, work environment, and education. Students with higher levels of tough-mindedness showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in family life and work environment, while those with higher levels of lying showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in social-cultural life. CONCLUSION: Personality traits and awareness of gender equality were correlated to some degree. However, in order to understand the characteristics of childhood personality traits and the behaviors of our children though the mediation of the gender equality awareness as society changes, and to let them grow with understanding of gender equality, it is essential to implement various kinds of education in families, schools, and the society.
Child ; Deception ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Negotiating ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Humans ; Renal Dialysis*

No abstract available.
Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Humans ; Renal Dialysis*

OBJECTIVE: Aims of this study are to assess the activities of daily living (ADL) for disabled persons in some rural communities using an appropriately developed ADL scale and to analyse the relationship between severity of impairment and ADL score. METHOD: ADLs of 98 disabled persons in two myeons of Kyunggido were assessed from May 1996 to August 1997. The newly developed ADL index composed of eight basic ADL (B-ADL) and two instrumental ADL (I-ADL) parameters were used. Impairment defined by the National Reparation Law was divided into a severely disabled group, grades 1 to 6 and a mildly disabled group, graded 7 to 14. Correlations between the impairment grade of each body part and the assessed ADL score were studied. RESULTS: 1) The most dependent ADL item of ten ADL parameters was performance in the public office (37.8%) and, the most independent ADL item was feeding (98.0%). 2) With severe impairment of the upper or lower limb, all ADL scores except for feeding were significantly low (p<0.05). In addition, with severe hearing impairment, scores of performance in public office were accessed low (p<0.05). 3)With severe lower limb impairment, average scores of I-ADL and B-ADL were low (p<0.05). 4) With severe language impairment, the average I-ADL score was also low (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The task of performance in the public office was the most difficult ADL item for disabled persons. All ADL parameters except feeding were affected for disabled persons with lower or upper limb impairment. We think this pilot study may be used to develop more appropriate ADL scales for community based rehabilitation in the future.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Disabled Persons* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Lower Extremity ; Pilot Projects ; Rehabilitation ; Rural Population* ; Upper Extremity ; Weights and Measures

To make an accurate diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation without the help of esophagograph, an infusion pump, a pressure transducer and a radiopaque esophageal balloon were connected through a three-way connector. The pressure transducer was connected consecutively to an amplifier, a differentiator and a speaker to detect a pressure drop in the esophageal balloon. Under fluoroscopic monitoring, a radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus of 30 rabbits and inflated with air until the esophagus was ruptured. A pressure drop in the balloon at the time of esophageal rupture was not only recorded graphically, but also was identified through a speaker. To examine esophageal rupture grossly, the rabbits were sacrificed after esophagography. We could detect the time of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation in all rabbits accurately by observing the pressure drop on the pressure recorder and by hearing the sound made on a speaker. In 8 patients with esophageal stricture, a deflated radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted to the position inside the narrowing point and inflated by injecting air until the 'hourglass' deformity created by the stricture disappeared from the balloon contour which the pressure change in the balloon was monitored with a pressure recorder. The balloon pressures at the time of disappearance of the "hourglass" deformity from the balloon contour ranged from 200 mmHg to 2000 mmHg in 8 patients with esophageal strictures. Esophageal ruptured did not occur in these patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that this new method is not only safe but promising for patients in the future with esophageal strictures. First, it would reduce the chance of mediastinitis in patients of esophageal rupture. Second, esophageal balloon dilatation can be performed more effectively and safely. Third, it is cost-effective. Forth, radiation esposure to the patient can be reduced.
Catheters ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis* ; Dilatation ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Esophagus ; Hearing ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Mediastinitis ; Methods ; Rabbits ; Rupture* ; Transducers, Pressure

To make an accurate diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation without the help of esophagograph, an infusion pump, a pressure transducer and a radiopaque esophageal balloon were connected through a three-way connector. The pressure transducer was connected consecutively to an amplifier, a differentiator and a speaker to detect a pressure drop in the esophageal balloon. Under fluoroscopic monitoring, a radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus of 30 rabbits and inflated with air until the esophagus was ruptured. A pressure drop in the balloon at the time of esophageal rupture was not only recorded graphically, but also was identified through a speaker. To examine esophageal rupture grossly, the rabbits were sacrificed after esophagography. We could detect the time of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation in all rabbits accurately by observing the pressure drop on the pressure recorder and by hearing the sound made on a speaker. In 8 patients with esophageal stricture, a deflated radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted to the position inside the narrowing point and inflated by injecting air until the 'hourglass' deformity created by the stricture disappeared from the balloon contour which the pressure change in the balloon was monitored with a pressure recorder. The balloon pressures at the time of disappearance of the "hourglass" deformity from the balloon contour ranged from 200 mmHg to 2000 mmHg in 8 patients with esophageal strictures. Esophageal ruptured did not occur in these patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that this new method is not only safe but promising for patients in the future with esophageal strictures. First, it would reduce the chance of mediastinitis in patients of esophageal rupture. Second, esophageal balloon dilatation can be performed more effectively and safely. Third, it is cost-effective. Forth, radiation esposure to the patient can be reduced.
Catheters ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis* ; Dilatation ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Esophagus ; Hearing ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Mediastinitis ; Methods ; Rabbits ; Rupture* ; Transducers, Pressure

Objectives: The prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders of upper extremities mons watch assembly workers in small-scaled industry was studied. Methods: In 83 workers at five watch assembly factories, symptoms and psychosocial questionnaire, ergonomic Interview, physical examination were conducted. Results: Prevalence of self-reported symptoms was 54.2% and neck 34.9%, wrist/hand 31.3%, shoulder 30.1%, elbow/arm 18.0% by anatomical site. Prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders was 45.8%. Most common disease was myofascial pain syndrome (31.3%). The other diseases were De Quervain disease (9.6%), tenosynovitis/tendinitis at wrist/hand (9.6%), bicipital tendinitis(6.0%), fat. epicondylitis(4.8%), meIn. epicondylitis(2.4%), and cervical disc disease(2.4%). As result of ergonomic interview, repetitiveness was 79(98.8%). There were no differences in the prevalence of self-reported symptoms and cumulative trauma disorders for age, sex, marital status, duration of work In the study, The significant factors of cumulative trauma disorders were occupational task and psychosocial stress in the study. The prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders in high strain group was hlgher (68.4%) than other three groups. The prevalence of self-reported symptoms and cumulative trauma disorders in assembly task was higher (70.0%, 64.0%) than other two tasks. Conclusions: Prevalence of self-reported symptoms was 54.2%, prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders was 45.8% in watch assembly workers. In this study, factor related to self-reported symptoms was occupational task and factors relaxed to cumulative trauma disorders were occupational task and psychosocial stress. This results suggest that differences of ergonomics and environment in occupational task cause differences of prevalence of self-reported symptoms and cumulatlve trauma disorders.
Cumulative Trauma Disorders* ; De Quervain Disease ; Human Engineering ; Marital Status ; Myofascial Pain Syndromes ; Neck ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence* ; Questionnaires ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and ratio of biphalangeal toes in Korean adult and to investigate whether this finding correlates with the evolution of human toes. METHOD: The materials used in this study consisted of 1,290 radiographs of the human feet obtained from 645 adults with foot symptom and complete osseous growth. The 1,290 radiographs consisted of anteroposterior weightbearing radiographs and nonweightbearing oblique radiographs. Those were retrospectively reviewed and carried out of detailed macroscopic examinations. RESULTS: Biphalangeal toe was observed for the 5th toe in 934 cases (72.40%), for the 4th toe in 161 cases (12.48%), for the 3rd toe in 7 cases (0.54%), and for the 2nd toe in 1 case (0.08%). Bilaterality of biphalangeal and triphalangeal toes for each toe was observed over 97.1%. CONCLUSION: Our results are in agreement with Nakashima and it is likely that over 70% of the Asian population have only two phalanges in their fifth toes, and it seems to be an example of microevolution or genetic adaptation to bipedalism.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Foot* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Retrospective Studies ; Toes* ; Weight-Bearing

Range of Motion, Articular*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of cold air application on the pressure threshold of myofascial trigger points. METHOD: The 60 patients with myofascial trigger points in unilateral infraspinatus muscle were divided into 3 groups with equal number and cold air was applied using CRAis (Kyung-won Century, Korea) for 1, 3 and 5 minutes. We examined the changes of pressure threshold in myofascial trigger points before, immediately after and 30 minutes after cold air application. Also we examined the changes of pressure threshold of contralateral infraspinatus muscles. RESULTS: 1) The pressure threshold of trigger point in infraspinatus muscle were increased immediately and 30 minutes after the cold air application as assessed by the pressure algometer (p<0.05). 2) There was no significant correlations in the changes of pressure threshold among 3 groups after the cold air application (p>0.05). 3) There was no significant correlations among the age, the body mass index and the changes of pressure threshold in myofascial trigger points (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the cold air application is a effective method for treatment of myofascial trigger points.
Body Mass Index ; Freezing* ; Humans ; Muscles ; Trigger Points*