PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between personality traits and awareness of gender equality. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 688 students in fifth and sixth grades in 3 elementary schools were selected as participants. RESULT: 1. Level of gender equality awareness among the students was 2.82. This is higher than average and was most influenced by awareness of family life, followed by awareness in education, work environment and social-cultural life. 2. Students with higher levels of extraversion-introversion had higher levels of awareness of gender equality in family life, work environment, and education. Students with higher levels of tough-mindedness showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in family life and work environment, while those with higher levels of lying showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in social-cultural life. CONCLUSION: Personality traits and awareness of gender equality were correlated to some degree. However, in order to understand the characteristics of childhood personality traits and the behaviors of our children though the mediation of the gender equality awareness as society changes, and to let them grow with understanding of gender equality, it is essential to implement various kinds of education in families, schools, and the society.
Child ; Deception ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Negotiating ; Child Health

This study was aimed to investigate whether an oxygen inhibition layer (OIL) is essential for the interfacial bonding between resin composite layers or not. A composite (Z-250, 3M ESPE) was filled in two layers using two aluminum plate molds with a hole of 3.7 mm diameter. The surface of first layer of cured composite was prepared by one of five methods as followings, thereafter second layer of composite was filled and cured: Group 1 - OIL is allowed to remain on the surface of cured composite; Group 2 - OIL was removed by rubbing with acetone-soaked cotton; Group 3 - formation of the OIL was inhibited using a Mylar strip; Group 4 - OIL was covered with glycerin and light-cured; Group 5 (control) - composite was bulk-filled in a layer. The interfacial shear bond strength between two layers was tested and the fracture modes were observed. To investigate the propagation of polymerization reaction from active area having a photo-initiator to inactive area without the initiator, a flowable composite (Aelite Flow) or an adhesive resin (Adhesive of ScotchBond Multipurpose) was placed over an experimental composite (Exp_Com) which does not include a photoinitiator and light-cured. After sectioning the specimen, the cured thickness of the Exp_Com was measured. The bond strength of group 2, 3 and 4 did not show statistically significant difference with group 1. Groups 3 and 4 were not statistically significant different with control group 5. The cured thicknesses of Exp_Com under the flowable resin and adhesive resin were 20.95 (0.90) um and 42.13 (2.09), respectively.
Adhesives ; Aluminum ; Composite Resins ; Fungi ; Glycerol ; Oxygen ; Polyethylene Terephthalates ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Resin Cements

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is an uncommon histologic variant of adenocarcinoma which usuallyy arises from the salivary, lacrimal, or other exocrine glands. Characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma are its potential fo extending long distance submucosally and for perineural invasion. It grows slowly and may have a prolongec course before diagnosis and after treatment. Recently, we have experienced 2 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from main bronchus and trachea. One case was 58 years old female patient. Her symptoms were productive cough with dyspnea. She ha been history of shortness of breath, wheezing and cough during 4 years, which was initially diagnosed a bronchial asthma. The tumor was located on the left main stem bronchus which was obstructed the lumei nearly complete, by CT demonstration.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoids* ; Asthma ; Bronchi* ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic* ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Exocrine Glands ; Female ; Humans ; Respiratory Sounds ; Trachea*

The aim of this study was to measure the dentinal tubular fluid flow (DFF) during and after amalgam and composite restorations. A newly designed fluid flow measurement instrument was made. A third molar cut at 3 mm apical from the CEJ was connected to the flow measuring device under a hydrostatic pressure of 15 cmH2O. Class I cavity was prepared and restored with either amalgam (Copalite varnish and Bestaloy) or composite (Z-250 with ScotchBond MultiPurpose: MP, Single Bond 2: SB, Clearfil SE Bond: CE and Easy Bond: EB as bonding systems). The DFF was measured from the intact tooth state through restoration procedures to 30 minutes after restoration, and re-measured at 3 and 7days after restoration. Inward fluid flow (IF) during cavity preparation was followed by outward flow (OF) after preparation. In amalgam restoration, the OF changed to IF during amalgam filling and slight OF followed after finishing. In composite restoration, application CE and EB showed a continuous OF and air-dry increased rapidly the OF until light-curing, whereas in MP and SB, rinse and dry caused IF and OF, respectively. Application of hydrophobic bonding resin in MP and CE caused a decrease in flow rate or even slight IF. Light-curing of adhesive and composite showed an abrupt IF. There was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of DFF among the materials at 30 min, 3 and 7 days after restoration (P > 0.05).
Adhesives ; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate ; Dentin ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Molar, Third ; Paint ; Resin Cements ; Tooth ; Tooth Cervix

The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of flowable resin composites and to evaluate the efficacy using rheological methodology. Five commercial flowable composites (Aelitefil flow:AF, Filtek flow:FF, DenFil flow:DF, Tetric flow:TF and Revolution:RV) were used. Same volume of composites in a syringe was extruded on a glass slide using a custom-made loading device. The resin composites were allowed to slump for 10 seconds at 25degrees C and light cured. The aspect ratio (height/diameter) of cone or dome shaped specimen was measured for estimating the slumping tendency of composites. The complex viscosity of each composite was measured by a dynamic oscillatory shear test as a function of angular frequency using a rheometer. To compare the slumping tendency of composites, one way-ANOVA and Turkey's post hoc test was performed for the aspect ratio at 95% confidence level. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the complex viscosity and the aspect ratio. The results were as follows. 1. Slumping tendency based on the aspect ratio varied among the five materials (AF < FF < DF < TF < RV). 2. Flowable composites exhibited pseudoplasticity in which the complex viscosity decreased with increasing frequency (shear rate). AF was the most significant, RV the least. 3. The slumping tendency was strongly related with the complex viscosity. Slumping resistance increased with increasing the complex viscosity. The slumping tendency could be quantified by measuring the aspect ratio of slumped flowable composites. This method may be applicable to evaluate the clinical handling characteristics of flowable composites.
Composite Resins ; Glass ; Handling (Psychology) ; Light ; Syringes ; Viscosity

Thrombosis of deep cerebral veins including internal cerebral vein, great vein of Galen and straight sinus are frequently associated with thalamic and other deep cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, which lead to severe neurologic deficits or death. The pregnancy is one of the factors causing cerebral venous thrombosis in adult. We report a case of isolated deep cerebral vein thrombosis during pregnancy which was confirmed by MRI and angiogram.
Adult ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cerebral Veins* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pregnancy* ; Thrombosis* ; Venous Thrombosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of routine haecho bibimbab (boiled rice with assorted seaweed mixtures) consumption on the bowel habits in humans. Forty free-living adults (female 38, male 2) participated in this study (mean age 41.2 +/- 7.5). After a baseline survey on general characteristics, life style and dietary habits, the participants were asked to consume haecho bibimbab during two-week period for lunch. Habitual bowel movements were checked out every day by a questionnaire and nutrient intake was estimated by a 24-hour recalls before and after the study. After 2 weeks of clinical trial, the bowel habits had improved. Haecho bibimbab increased the number of bowel movements, changed hard stools into softer ones. It also lessen the sense of incomplete evacuation, and abdominal pain during defecation, increased water intake (p < 0.001) and improved gastrointestinal problem. The participants believed that haecho bibimbab was effective in improving their constipation symptoms and bowel habits (p < 0.01). Routine haecho bibimbab consumption tended to increase especially vitamin A, E and folate intake (p < 0.01). The present findings suggest that routine seaweed-based lunch meal (haecho bibimbab) consumption may improve bowel habits without side effects.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Constipation ; Defecation ; Drinking ; Folic Acid ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Life Style ; Lunch ; Male ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seaweed ; Vitamin A

To determine blood heavy metal concentrations by seafood consumption in Korean adults, blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations in a representative sample of 1,709 Koreans participated in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES IV-2) in 2008 were analyzed by age and seafood consumption frequency. The mean blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were 1.14 +/- 0.73 microg/L, 5.50 +/- 3.83 microg/L, and 2.56 +/- 1.22 microg/dL, respectively. The subjects aged > or = 50 years had significantly higher blood cadmium concentrations than the subjects aged 20~39 years. Blood mercury concentrations of the 50's were significantly higher than those of the 20's and 30's (p < 0.05). Approximately, 43% of males and 22% of females had blood mercury concentrations > 5.8 microg/L which is a blood mercury level equivalent to the current Reference Dose. Only 2 subjects had lead concentrations > 10 microg/dL, the standard lead level by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. The subjects consuming pollack, mackerel, anchovy, corvina, shellfish, and salted seafood at least once a week had significantly higher mercury concentrations than the subjects consuming those seafoods less than once a month. However, there were no clear relationships between blood cadmium and lead concentrations and seafood consumption frequencies.
Adult ; Aged ; Cadmium ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Perciformes ; Seafood ; Shellfish

The objective of this study was to compare dentin shear bond strength (DSBS) of dentin bonding agents (DBAs) cured with a plasma arc (PAC) light curing unit (LCU) and those cured with a light emitting diode (LED) LCU. Optical properties were also analyzed for Elipar freelight 2 (3M ESPE); LED LCU, Apollo 95E (DMT Systems); PAC LCU and VIP Junior (Bisco); Halogen LCU. The DBAs used for DSBS test were Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE), Singlebond 2 (3M ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray). After DSBS testing, fractured specimens were analyzed for failure modes with SEM. The total irradiance and irradiance between 450 nm and 490 nm of the LCUs were different. LED LCU showed narrow spectral distribution around its peak at 462 nm whereas PAC and Halogen LCU showed a broad spectrum. There were no significant differences in mean shear bond strength among different LCUs (P > 0.05) but were significant differences among different DBAs (P < 0.001).
Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Light ; Plasma ; Resin Cements

This study was aimed to develop an instrument for real-time measurement of fluid conductance and to investigate the hydrodynamics of dentinal fluid. The instrument consisted of three parts; (1) a glass capillary and a photo sensor for detection of fluid movement, (2) a servo-motor, a lead screw and a ball nut for tracking of fluid movement, (3) a rotary encoder and software for data processing. To observe the blocking effect of dentinal fluid movement, oxalate gel and self-etch adhesive agent were used. BisBlock (Bisco) and Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) were applied to the occlusal dentin surface of extracted human teeth. Using this new device, the fluid movement was measured and compared between before and after each agent was applied. The instrument was able to measure dentinal fluid movement with a high resolution (0.196 nL) and the flow occurred with a rate of 0.84 to 15.2 nL/s before treatment. After BisBlock or Clearfil SE Bond was used, the fluid movement was decreased by 39.8 to 89.6%.
Adhesives ; Capillaries ; Dentin ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Dentinal Fluid ; Glass ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Nuts ; Oxalic Acid ; Resin Cements ; Tooth ; Track and Field