Cerebral paragonimiasis ad cerebral cysticercosis are two notorious parasitic infestations of the brain in Korea, of which diagnoses were not clarified yet clinically. The authors experienced 25 such parasitic brain diseases with their characteristic CT findings, and it was assumed that computed cosmography(CT scan) is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of these parasitic brain diseases.
Brain Diseases ; Brain* ; Cysticercosis ; Diagnosis ; Korea* ; Paragonimiasis

Early attempts at determining the effects of experimental ablation of the hypophysis in the mammal resulted ambiguously, for the animals usually died from attendant injury to the brain or form infection, or , if they survived, some of the effects observed often were due to injury to the adjacent regions of the brain during the operation. In 1912, Aschner performed removal of the pituitary body by a transbuccal transsphenoidal route in the dog. Smith in 1927 and 1930 reported two methods of hypophysectomy in the rat; the first one was temporal approach, in this method he exposed the pituitary and destroyed with chromic acid injection; the second one was parapharyngeal route. In 1963, Falconi and Rossi described transauricular hypophysectomy in the rat and mice. It is well known that in studying the effects of hypophysectomy removal of the pituitary must be essentially complete without injury to the adjacent regions of the brain, especially in the hypothalamus. The present study was undertaken to device a method of total hypophysectomy and observe the effects on pancreatic structure and carbohydrate metabolism. In this study twenty adult mongrel dogs, weighting from 7 to 10 kg, were used. Twelve of them were male and eight were female. Operative procedure: Under pentobarbital sodium, 30 mg/kg body weight, intravenous anesthesia the dog was placed on the operating table in prone position, and a tube was inserted in the mouth to displace the mandibular angle anterodownwardly. A vertical incision from the midline to just behind the mandibular angle was made, the temporal muscles were also incised vertically and retracted to expose the temporal bone. Following wide craniectomy down to the base of middle cranial fossa and careful opening the dura, temporal lobe was elevated with about 1cm wide brain retractor at the tip of the middle cranial fossa. Since this approach was deep and narrow, a brilliant illumination was thrown from head lamp at neat the center of the binocular magnifier. As the third cranial nerve and intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery were exposed, arachnoid membrane was torn and aspirated cerebrospinal fluid slowly to obtain wider exposure, then elevated posterior communicating artery to expose the pituitary body and stalk. The stalk was clipped and sectioned then pituitary body was removed in a piece or sucked out under direct vision, and the would was closed in layers. In all experimental dogs, pre- and postoperative fasting blood sugar was measured, and the brain and pancreas were removed and fixed in 10 % neutral formalin solution following intracarotid artery infusion of 10% neutral formalin. The removed brain was examined and the pancreas was stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Maldonado, and Toluidine blue sating methods. The following results were obtained: 1. The average preoperative fasting venous blood sugar was 98.5+/-5.4mg% in 20 mongrel dogs. 2. In five hypophysectomized dogs, their preoperative average blood sugar was 99.2+/-5.2mg% and their postoperative blood sugar was decreased in the rage from 13.0 to 35.4mg% during the period from 56 to 77 days. 3. In ten dogs who received daily intramuscular injection of 2mg dexamethasone following hypophyseetomy, their average venous blood sugar was 99.5+/-6.12mg%, and their postoperative blood sugar was decreased in the range from 9.7 to 30.5mg%. 4. In five normal dogs, the number of cells per islet varied from 14 to 96 and the average number was 45, and the average ratio of alpha, beta to delta cells was 14.2 : 79.4 : 6.4; in hypophysectomized group the average number per islet was 53 and their ratio was 19.5 : 75.1: 5.4; in the group which received dexamethasone for a week following hypophysectomy, the average number per islet was 53 and the average ratio was 14.6 : 80.5: 4.9, and in the group which received dexamethasone for two weeks, the average number per islet was 37 and the ratio was 15.2 : 80.2 : 4.5. 5. The acini in the hypophysectomized dogs were rather atrophic and illustrated mild intracytoplasmic vacuolization, and the Langerhans islet demonstrated exhausted pattern with small and degranulated beta cells. However, the Langerhans islets of hypophysectomized dogs with dexamethasone administration showed regranulated beta cells in one dog. 6. In pancreas of hypophysectomized dogs increased number of mast cells along the interstitial tissue, periductal region, and peripancreatic fat tissue were observed. There were also one or two mast cells in the islet mainly along the capsule of islets. 7. In pancreas of hypophysectomized dog with dexamethasone administration a few mast cells were observed along the lobular margin and just beneath the capsule of the islets.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Animals ; Arachnoid ; Arteries ; Blood Glucose* ; Body Weight ; Brain ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Cranial Fossa, Middle ; Dexamethasone ; Dogs* ; Fasting ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Head ; Humans ; Hypophysectomy ; Hypothalamus ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Islets of Langerhans ; Lighting ; Male ; Mammals ; Mast Cells ; Membranes ; Mice ; Mouth ; Oculomotor Nerve ; Operating Tables ; Pancreas* ; Pentobarbital ; Pituitary Gland ; Prone Position ; Rage ; Rats ; Somatostatin-Secreting Cells ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Telescopes ; Temporal Bone ; Temporal Lobe ; Temporal Muscle ; Tolonium Chloride

The authors present a case in which an organized chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH) was incidentally found in a 9-year-old boy with no significant medical history after a pedestrian traffic accident. Preoperative magnetic resonance(MR) imaging showed calcification on the inner membrane and an irregular heterogeneous structure in the hematoma cavity. The findings from the preoperative brain computed tomogram(CT) and MR image were very useful for making the preoperative diagnosis and surgical decision. In choosing the proper surgical strategy for removing the organized CSDH, it was thought that burr hole trephination would present unnecessary difficulties. Thus, craniotomy was selected and the organized CSDH was successfully removed with no complications.
Accidents, Traffic ; Brain ; Child* ; Craniotomy ; Diagnosis ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Membranes ; Trephining

Methods: The mixture of IB and DJ extracts was analyzed for its total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities. Gastric lesions were induced by treating rats with 1 mL of a solution containing 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl.The rats were then divided into 5 groups: CON (normal control), HEC (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and distilled water), IBE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and IB extract at 350 mg/kg body weight [BW]), ID30 (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and a mixture of IB and DJ extracts in a 7:3 ratio at 350 mg/kg BW), and DJE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and DJ extract at 350 mg/kg BW). Results: The ID30 group exhibited significantly higher TFC, TPC, and radical scavenging activities than the groups treated with single extracts. This group also showed a notable decrease in the formation of gastric lesions and preservation of gastric wall mucus. In addition, the serum levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly lower in the ID30 group than in the HEC group. Conclusion The antioxidants present in the ID30 mixture effectively reduced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, mitigating gastric mucosal irritation induced by alcohol and acid. Furthermore, the mixture inhibited gastric acid secretion and inflammatory marker expression, such as TNF-α, preventing tissue damage. These findings suggest that the ID30 mixture is a potential preventative treatment for gastritis.

Methods: The mixture of IB and DJ extracts was analyzed for its total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities. Gastric lesions were induced by treating rats with 1 mL of a solution containing 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl.The rats were then divided into 5 groups: CON (normal control), HEC (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and distilled water), IBE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and IB extract at 350 mg/kg body weight [BW]), ID30 (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and a mixture of IB and DJ extracts in a 7:3 ratio at 350 mg/kg BW), and DJE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and DJ extract at 350 mg/kg BW). Results: The ID30 group exhibited significantly higher TFC, TPC, and radical scavenging activities than the groups treated with single extracts. This group also showed a notable decrease in the formation of gastric lesions and preservation of gastric wall mucus. In addition, the serum levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly lower in the ID30 group than in the HEC group. Conclusion The antioxidants present in the ID30 mixture effectively reduced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, mitigating gastric mucosal irritation induced by alcohol and acid. Furthermore, the mixture inhibited gastric acid secretion and inflammatory marker expression, such as TNF-α, preventing tissue damage. These findings suggest that the ID30 mixture is a potential preventative treatment for gastritis.

Methods: The mixture of IB and DJ extracts was analyzed for its total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities. Gastric lesions were induced by treating rats with 1 mL of a solution containing 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl.The rats were then divided into 5 groups: CON (normal control), HEC (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and distilled water), IBE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and IB extract at 350 mg/kg body weight [BW]), ID30 (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and a mixture of IB and DJ extracts in a 7:3 ratio at 350 mg/kg BW), and DJE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and DJ extract at 350 mg/kg BW). Results: The ID30 group exhibited significantly higher TFC, TPC, and radical scavenging activities than the groups treated with single extracts. This group also showed a notable decrease in the formation of gastric lesions and preservation of gastric wall mucus. In addition, the serum levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly lower in the ID30 group than in the HEC group. Conclusion The antioxidants present in the ID30 mixture effectively reduced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, mitigating gastric mucosal irritation induced by alcohol and acid. Furthermore, the mixture inhibited gastric acid secretion and inflammatory marker expression, such as TNF-α, preventing tissue damage. These findings suggest that the ID30 mixture is a potential preventative treatment for gastritis.

Methods: The mixture of IB and DJ extracts was analyzed for its total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities. Gastric lesions were induced by treating rats with 1 mL of a solution containing 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl.The rats were then divided into 5 groups: CON (normal control), HEC (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and distilled water), IBE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and IB extract at 350 mg/kg body weight [BW]), ID30 (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and a mixture of IB and DJ extracts in a 7:3 ratio at 350 mg/kg BW), and DJE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and DJ extract at 350 mg/kg BW). Results: The ID30 group exhibited significantly higher TFC, TPC, and radical scavenging activities than the groups treated with single extracts. This group also showed a notable decrease in the formation of gastric lesions and preservation of gastric wall mucus. In addition, the serum levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly lower in the ID30 group than in the HEC group. Conclusion The antioxidants present in the ID30 mixture effectively reduced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, mitigating gastric mucosal irritation induced by alcohol and acid. Furthermore, the mixture inhibited gastric acid secretion and inflammatory marker expression, such as TNF-α, preventing tissue damage. These findings suggest that the ID30 mixture is a potential preventative treatment for gastritis.

BACKGROUND: At present, there are many instruments to diagnose anxiety and depression. However, most of the instruments have a number of questions. Therefore, we have many difficulties in applying them to the primary care. The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability and the validity of a Korean-translated Goldberg s short screening scale for anxiety and depression, which were developed for screening of anxiety and depression in primary care. METHODS: 178 asymtomatic subjects and 58 patients(anxiety 15, depression 43) aged from 18 to 64 years old were selected. The patients were diagnosed by psychiatrist according to DSM-IV criteria. This study was performed for 3 months, from May to August 1996. The reliability of this instrument was measured by internal consistency reliability. The validity of this instrument was measured by three methods. The first method was the comparison of the score between the patients and the control group. The second method was to measure the relationships of this instrument with the other instruments such as Self-rating Depression Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The last method was to measure the relationship of this instrument with Comprehensive Global Assessment. In addition, we calculated the sensituvity and specificity at the cut off values. RESULTS: The Cronbach's a value was 0.736 for the anxiety and 0.749 for the depression. Goldberg anxiety scale was significantly associated with state in STAI(r=0.279, P<0.001), and trait in STAI(r=0.125, P=0.041). However, Goldberg depression scale was not sigficantly associated with SDS. Goldberg anxiety scale as well as Goldberg depression scale were significantly associated with CGA(r=0.433, P=0.001; r=0.695, P=0.001). The seore of Goldberg anxiety scale was significantly higher in the anxious patients than in the control group(P=0.047). The score of Goldberg depression scale was significantly higher in the depressive patients than in the control group(P<0.001). For anxiety scale of Goldberg scale, the sensitivity and the specificity was 60% and 68% at score 3. For depression scale of Goldberg scale, the sensitivity and the specificity was 80% and 68% at score 2. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the value of Cronbach's a in Goldberg scale was 0.736 for anxiety and 0.749 for depression. For the validity, the scores of Goldberg scale were higher in patient group than in asymptomatic group. However, the relationships of Goldberg scale with other screening instruments were variable. So further study for the validity of Goldberg scale is requested.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Middle Aged ; Primary Health Care ; Psychiatry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: This study was done to propose a new method of determining the cutoff frequency against measurement noise in fetal heart rate signal and to analyze the discriminating value for normal fetus (pH>7.15) and abnormal fetus (pH< or =7.15) by nonlinear method. METHODS: The patients were classified by umbilical artery pH (7.15) or base excess (-10 mEq/L). After removing the high frequency noise components at the cutoff frequency determined in this study, we calculated correlation dimension as a discriminating value for the normal and abnormal fetuses. RESULTS: After low pass filtering of fetal heart rate signal at the cutoff frequency, the numerical result of embedding dimension was 5.47+/-0.67 (normal), 4.43+/-0.60 (abnormal) (p<0.001), and correlation dimension was 2.51+/-0.43 (normal), 1.79+/-0.15 (abnormal). CONCLUSION: We could determine the cutoff frequency from the different fluctuation level between high frequency noise and principal signal according the cutoff frequency function. The detection of fetal distress was done objectively by this method. We could discriminate between normal fetus and abnormal fetus by correlation dimension as indicator for the nonlinear complexity.
Female ; Fetal Distress ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetus ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Noise* ; Pregnancy ; Umbilical Arteries

OBJECTIVES: For estimating the antenatal fetal wellbeing to develop new analysis method of fetal heart rate(FHR) with electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring(eFHRM) and computer. METHODS: Heart rate signal is received from distressed fetus using eFHRM. It is necessary to carry out low pass filtering as a preprocess for the nonlinear method. Nonlinear parameters are calculated and classified to investigate the relations between these parameters and values of umbilical cord blood gas. RESULTS: By dividing values of the umbilical cord blood gas into 5 fetuses of acidemic group and 17 fetuses of non-acidemic group after 22 neonates who presented fetal distress were born, the following results as compared with nonlinear chaotic analysis result were obtained. 1. Delay time through AMI for acidemic group was 16.80+/-3.11, and was higher than 15.41+/-2.27 for non-acidemic group, and is not significant in statistics. 2. Embedding Dimension calculated with FNN method was 5.60+/-2.07 for acidemic group, and 4.71+/-1.26 for non-acidemic group, and it was not significant statistically. 3. Correlation dimension for acidemic group was 1.41+/-0.20, and was higher than 1.10+/-0.38 for non-acidemic group, and is not significant in statistics. 4. Mean crossing value by isoangular return map was 28.80+/-11.34 for acidemic group, and 16.65+/-7.00 for non-acidemic group, and it was significant statistically(P=0.008). 5. In comparison of information entropy in 1-D ED, acidemic group was 6.32+/-0.38 and non-acidemic group was 6.20+/-0.28 and it was not significant statistically. Also, in comparison of value in 2-D ED, acidemic group was 10.20+/-0.34. It was higher than non-acidemic group of 9.51+/-0.43 significantly in statistics(P=0.004). But, in comparison of value in 2-D EP, acidemic group was 8.78+/-0.86 and non-acidemic group is of 9.22+/-0.74 and it wasn't significant statistically. And, 2-D ED(DI) value was 10.64+/-0.14 for acidemic group and 10.51+/-0.18 for non-acidemic group, and it wasn't significant statistically. CONCLUSIONS: By the above result, nonliner dynamics and chaotic analysis of heart rate data with computer can serve as a new diagnosis method which may estimate the fetal wellbeing with real time. Through further studies for establishment of diagnosis standard and computer programming, real time diagnosis method shall be applied to clinical practice.
Diagnosis ; Entropy ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Distress* ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetus ; Heart Rate ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Nonlinear Dynamics* ; Pregnancy